Gardner’s Theory on Seven Intelligences

Gardner’s intelligence theory comes from a book he wrote and published titled Frames of Mind (1983). Gardner’s theory on the seven intelligences was quickly adapted by the educational and training fields to help educators and trainers to understand personalities, intelligence, and learning styles. This has enabled educators and trainers to narrow in on how to teach and grasp the attention of all their students and trainees. Whereas encouraging and motivating them by understanding how they learn and the best way to teach them. Gardner’s theories and concepts are aids to understanding overall personalities and strengths. These theories and concepts are all easily understood and can be incorporated into almost any educational or training situation, to better assist in the education and training process. Sometimes combining more than one intelligence helps in finding the best way to educate and train individuals all over the world. Linguistic Intelligence is the intelligence of language or words, when you learn by writing the information down, or when you absorb information my hearing words this is all a form of Linguistic Intelligence. When you form images in your mind when learning or you have to picture what is being taught in your head this is part of the Spatial Intelligence. When you learn by listening to music or if you absorb information better when music is playing this is the Musical Intelligence. Now when learning comes when you actually do what is being taught, hands on so to speak this is called the Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence. Interpersonal Intelligence is happening when a person can learn about a person or situation by the vibe they get from another person in the situation. Also when you learn better through interactions with others like group projects or having a study buddy this can be considered Interpersonal Intelligence. When you rely on self to learn, by understanding your own feelings and interest this is the Intrapersonal Intelligence. People that use Intrapersonal Intelligence are usually independent learners. Now with Logical Mathematical Intelligence you learn by patterns and reasoning, often needing facts to solve problems, also with learning things need to make sense or be logical. Out of the Seven Intelligence Theories produced by Howard Gardner I believe that Linguistic and Bodily- Kinesthetic are the two that are most dominate in my life. When I learn or am trying to absorb information. I have to hear the words and follow along with the written words when possible. So I download audio files of my text books and take good notes, and when I go over my notes I always read them out loud. As with the Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence, I see this come through when I write information that I am trying to learn this ties into my Linguistic Intelligence, because I not only need to see and hear my work, I have to physically write it down. The motion of the writing and picturing the words in my mind, I always find it easier to retain information. In studying Gardner’s theories on intelligences I have so much about helping myself to learn more effectively and efficiently.

True comedy explores themes as serious and important

True comedy explores themes as serious and important as appear in any tragedy. Demonstrate to what extent Educating Rite contains serious and important themes as well as being a comic play. BY D.. Thomson Educating Rite True comedy explores themes as serious and important as appear in any tragedy. Demonstrate to what extent Educating Rite contains serious and important themes as Wily Russell play entitled ‘Educating Rite' Is a dark and comic drama set within the confines of a University classroom. The play features two characters, Frank a troubled lecturer who has grown disillusioned with his existence, and Rite, a working classLiveryman with a thirst for knowledge and a desire to find meaning In life. The drama tackles many serious themes including alcoholism, social class and exclusion, relationship troubles and gender roles. It addresses these issues in an engaging and comic way, the seriousness of these issues often disguised by the wit and charm of the characters. The way that Frank is introduced to the reader says a lot about his character. The curtain draws on Frank frantically scurrying about looking for a hidden bottle of whiskey that he has concealed in his bookshelf. â€Å"Eureka† exclaims Frank as he finally finds it.This somewhat amusing scenario serves to highlight an unhappiness felt by the character and Issues around alcohol. This point Is further highlighted during a rather sardonic going and throwing with his partner. Frank concedes In this conversation that he Is taking on extra work â€Å"to pay for the drink†, and the billing nature of the dialogue suggests that all is not well in his relationship. Rite enters the scene full of energy and life after battling with the door knob on the way in. Her demeanor is that of a nervous working class girl who is desperately trying to come to grips with surroundings that are totally alien to her.Rite's brash and unconventional manner is perfectly illustrated in her attempt to convers e with Frank about an erotic painting displayed in his room. â€Å"This was like the porn of its day, wasn't it? † Rite innocently asks. The characters repeated questioning disguises an awkwardness she feels amidst an overwhelming desire to gain an education and move up In the world. In amongst their troubles there begins to blossom a friendship between the pair, Rite compared to the elitist crowd with which he is familiar.Frank on the other hand is an enigma to Rite, she does not understand why Frank is so unhappy in a life that she so separately craves for herself. This dynamic brings about some truly comic moments between the characters, an example of this being when Frank attempts to familiarize Rite with the works of E. M Forester. In this dialogue, Frank tries to emphasis to Rite the importance of looking at literature from an academic perspective. This point is somewhat lost on Rite when she Jokingly asks â€Å"Does the repeated use of the phrase â€Å"only connectâ €  suggest that in reality E. M. Forester was a frustrated electrician. Rite's relationship with men is a theme that develops throughout the play. Rite feels eke she is being held back by her husbands expectations. Her relationship with her husband deteriorates as she continues to study against her spouses wishes. This culminates in her partners desperate attempts to keep her in her place by burning her books. Rite's charm is not lost on Frank, he tells her at their very first meeting that he thinks she is â€Å"rather marvelous†. As the relationship develops Franks fondness for Rite grows and he becomes increasingly protective of her and perhaps Jealous of her progress.This point is illuminated when Rite begins to make friends amongst other students. When Rite is invited to travel with some new friends Frank immediately barks â€Å"you can't go†, this hasty response shows that Frank is fearful of losing influence over Rite and perhaps losing her altogether. Rite's relationship experiences demonstrate the struggles that working class women were likely to encounter at this time and the opposition they faced from the expectant and often overbearing men in their lives. As Rite progresses through her academic studies she begins to feel a disillusionment with her present life and a feeling that she does not belong.Her studies opened up a ewe world to her that she had not previously encountered. She began to feel ill at ease with her working class background as she regarded those around her as lacking in culture and ambition. She did not however feel at ease amongst academics and scholarly types either and this left her in a sort of limbo where she began to lose sight of what makes her unique. Her feelings are demonstrated in the following quote, â€Å"I'm a freak. I can't talk to people I live with any more. An' I can't talk to the likes of them on Saturday, or them out there, because I can't learn the language. This frustration was further compou nded by Franks desire to preserve Rite's individuality at the expense of her progression. His criticism of Rite's work as containing â€Å"nothing of you in there†, illustrates Franks desire to conserve the things in Rite that he finds most alluring. The play ends on a rather sad note as both of the characters are left with uncertainty surrounding their futures. Franks drinking and subsequent behaviors have taken their toll on his work and on his relationship. Franks future lay in Australia without his former partner as punishment for his actions.Rite also faces upheaval in her life s she begins to come to grips with the changes that have occurred as a result of her decision to gain an education. What is clear is that the pair are unlikely to be sharing the play in a poignant scene between the characters with Rite giving Frank a haircut that she had previously promised. This moment of rare intimacy between the pair illustrates the warmth the characters feel for each other, it does however seem improbable that they will share many more moments like this in future. To a large extent Educating Rite tackles many serious and important theme's in a UN- evasive and thought provoking way.It is a credit to the author that he is able to tackle such issues while maintaining a thread of comedy throughout the play. As examined in this essay, the play is able to look at issues such as social class, gender roles, alcoholism and relationship troubles without descending into morbidity and manages to keep the reader engrossed throughout. The humanness of the characters and their flawed nature helps the reader to empathic with the pair and their conflicting views of the world provide the catalyst for an often dark but comedic tale. Bibliography Russell, W. (2007). Educating Rite. 1st deed. London: Methuen Drama.

China's economic growth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China's economic growth - Research Paper Example At the core of this plan is a noninterventionist foreign-policy, meaning that even when they provide aid to various countries they are taking the position that it is not their place to interfere in the social construction in terms of human rights, political power, or social responsibility. This is a specific contrast to Western ideas, both the US and European concepts, in the way in which to conduct foreign relations. When the West brings aid into the country they do it with certain social expectations in terms of how that aid will be used. China has established a policy of nonintervention likely so that they can be seen as different from the United States, more attractive to governments, and a more likely partner in terms of economic growth. In relationship to Africa, Chinese leaders have entered into Africa and taken tours across the various nations more than 15 times in the last decade, which far out distances the United States in terms of attention to Africa needs. The relationships between nations of Africa and China have reached more than $200 billion in trade and business as of 2012. This also represents an increase of more than 20 times that which is being conducted in the year 2000, which places China ahead of any other nation in utilizing asking resources for which contracts with Africa are now one third of the total revenue that China is establishing in terms of relationships abroad. This indicates a policy of â€Å"servicing the relationship† which means that they are given a lot of attention to African leaders in order to create strong bonds that will have impact in the future. Chinese current GDP as of 2014 is $17.63 trillion. The GDP per capita is $12,900. The GDP is primarily composed of agriculture at 9.7%, industry at 43.9%, and services of 46.4%. The unemployment rate hovers around 4.1%, with a population that goes underneath the poverty line at approximately 6.1%. In terms of the distribution of family income China is approximately

Airline regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Airline regulation - Essay Example deregulation of the industry, it is reported that many airline companies have opted to merge or engage in airline alliance, which are characterized as virtual mergers to circumvent government restrictions (Doganis, â€Å"Flying Off Course†). An implication of these mergers is that the few surviving consolidated airline companies may exhibit oligopolistic behavior. This may include monopolizing of routes and charging excessive rates for some fares. In this regard, the industry competition is somehow diminished. Other airline companies may experience substantial profit reduction as their service offerings become relatively less competitive as compared to big industry players. In view of the above, the government must intervene by implementing policies that would promote competition within the airline industry. By enforcing policies such as the prohibition of oligopolistic/monopolistic business practice, the government is able to promote greater efficiency in the market (Samuelson & Nordhaus). As the government deregulated the airline industry, airlines have become better equipped in negotiating their operating arrangements with different airports as well as their entry and exit routes. Furthermore, these airline companies have become better in levying airfares and supply flight based on market demand (Doganis, â€Å"The Airline Business†). The deregulation boded well for both airline companies and their customers. However, with the anti-competitive practices discussed above, the objective of the deregulation is being violated. Given this, the government should somehow tighten its control over the industry such that competition and consumer welfare are promoted. With the September 11 attacks, the airline industry experienced economic shock as people became traumatized of flying. Furthermore, security restrictions rendered traveling more difficult. Considering this, thousands of employees were laid off as major airlines filed for bankruptcy. To address

Financial Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Markets and Risk - Essay Example The long term savings and investment products offered by banks and NBFI’s are mostly life assurance, pensions and other investment products such as fixed deposits with a long term maturity. Fixed deposits are time deposits which give a higher interest rate than the normal demand deposits. Pension products are aimed at meeting the retirement needs of investors wherein a lump sum amount is given to the investor which is accrued over the years. Investing in bonds (government and corporate) is another option where there is more safety even though the returns may be comparatively less. Some banks and many NBFI’s provide platform to invest in mutual funds also. II. Implications for individual savers and investors of a significant increase in the general interest rates. The most visible effect due to the increase in interest rates is on the loans borrowed and deposits made by individuals. An increase in interest rate means increase in the repo rates of banks. This will result in an increase in the mortgage loans’ interest as well as other loans and debts like credit card debt. The increase in interest rate on loans will force the individuals who already borrowed the loans to pay more on the interest and this will lead to fewer savings. Those who had plans to borrow loan will postpone the same in order to be relieved of the extra burden of higher interest repayment. Another aspect is with the timing preference of making deposit. Since the interest rate is high, the return on investment from banks in the form of deposits will also be high which will prompt the individuals to make more investments out of their savings. Exchange rate changes can also be an effect of interest rate change. When the interest rate increases, there will be more inflow of foreign money in the form of FIIs. This will lead to an increase in the value of the domestic currency. The implications are that, the individuals who invested in foreign currency will see their value of i nvestment come down in terms of domestic currency due to the decrease in value of the foreign currency, other factors remaining the same. Also this will make imported goods relatively cheaper to the domestic buyers which in turn force the domestic producers to reduce their products’ price which means more savings for the individual. Rise in interest rates will also affect stock and securities like bonds. When interest rate rises, the price of existing bond falls. This is because investors can get higher rates on newly issued bonds. A rising interest rate may affect the stock market also because 1) investors will turn to buy bonds as they give better yield, 2) investors need to pay more to borrow money and spend them, which will lead to a slump in the growth of many companies which produce consumer goods. III. Risks to commercial banks of a significant rise in general interest rates. All banks face interest rate risks. Changes in interest rate can reduce a bank’s earnin gs and lower its net worth. Interest rate risk is defined as the volatility in earnings or the value of a financial institution owing to unexpected changes in interest rates. â€Å"The chief source of interest rate risk is the mismatched re-pricing of a financial intermediary’s assets and liabilities.†

Condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, fault classification or fiding Dissertation

Condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, fault classification or fiding fault for machenary - Dissertation Example In recent years, there has been a growing trend to introduce more intelligent methods in order to deal with condition monitoring and fault classification for machines (Mills, 2010). The realm of artificial intelligence and its application may be infant as yet but still involves the application of various methods and techniques for achieving desired ends. The current research will look into various artificial intelligence methods that have been applied to the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis for a reciprocating air compressor based on emerging and already developed methods and techniques. 1.2 Artificial IntelligenCe Based Methods It is possible to solicit problems in plant machinery using vibration signals that can be processed to reveal a multitude of information relating to the machine and its components as well as their operation (Wang & Chen, 2011). Given that condition monitoring and diagnosis relies largely on vibration feature analysis, it is important to extract the vi bration signals at every state change that the machine experiences (Lin & Qu, 2000) (Wang & Chen, 2007). Extracting vibration features can often be difficult since the measured vibration patterns tend to contain a large amount of noise that must be filtered out (Wang & Chen, 2011). ... The application of these techniques would allow for both pattern recognition as well as automated fault diagnosis. A number of different researches have been carried out in order to deal with condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of plant machinery that relies on discriminating fault types from a common pool of fault types based on the available vibration data. Theoretically, such an approach may make a lot of sense but practical application of such techniques is hindered by ambiguous diagnosis problems. It is possible that first layer symptoms may be similar for a number of different faults and it is also possible that first layer symptoms may have similar values in different states. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are no definite relationships between symptoms and fault types for plant machinery. The added complexity of plant machinery and the various interacting components means that the overall fault states are enormous to say the least. It is not possible to rely on one or on a number of different symptom parameters that could be utilised to track down faults, supposing that each fault occurs independent of others. This situation is complicated all the more when faults tend to occur simultaneously and the application of theoretical frameworks tends to fail altogether or in large part (Mitoma et al., 2008) (Wang & Chen, 2008). A number of different methods and techniques have been applied in recent researches in order to solicit vibration feature extraction and analysis for accurate and reliable condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. These techniques and methods could be classified as (Wang & Chen, 2011): wavelet transform; rough sets; neural networks; sequential fuzzy inference;

An analysis of the current and future use of internet technologies of Essay

An analysis of the current and future use of internet technologies of ''Hallmark Cards'' - Essay Example However, the suitability of such company driven technological initiatives will depend on how the effectiveness of the internet applications in meeting the set goals and objectives (Smith and Kidd 2000, p 45-50). The internet has basically changed commerce (Smith and Kidd 2000, p 45-50). The most basic forms of communication such as written and verbal communication between a business and its consumers and suppliers have been changing. Electronic communication, in the form of the internet, keeps on changing the commercial activity for consumers and businesses. E-commerce can therefore be defined as the sharing of product and service information, developing and improving human business relationships, while transacting business over the internet (Canzer 2006 p. 97-99). Hallmark was founded in 1910 and is currently the world’s most well-known producer of greeting cards. Hallmark creative artists produce several designs for greeting cards and other products each year. The greening cards and other products are produced in 38 dissimilar languages and are sold to more than 100 countries in the world (Regan 2009 p. 150-159). At hallmark, an advertising e-business model is based on earning revenues in exchange for the placement of advertisements on the firm’s website. Just like traditional media such as television, newspaper and radio, advertising in the internet involves advertisers’ support of distributed online entertainment or information likely to be accepted by consumers, who see advertising as the cost they have to incur to receive free content online. The internet provides Hallmark with the opportunity to create unique design and interaction with the targeted audience (Pierce 2005 p 18-23). The advertising model in the internet has necessitated the entry of small production studios and small entertainment artists who seek to get advertising revenues as well as to put up for sale their products online. There are no

Critical apraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical apraisal - Essay Example The article is pertinent as this particular segment of society faces lot of problems related to stress and depression resulting in health problems that adversely affects their work and employment scope. The article, ‘A randomized controlled trial of combined exercise and psycho-education for low-SES women: Short- and long-term outcomes in the reduction of stress and depressive symptoms’ by Waerden et al., is a study that was conducted on 161 Dutch low SES women with a moderately high stress level or depressive symptoms between September 2005 and May 2008. It helped evaluate the impact of interventions on their stress and depression. The group based program was divided into three categories: E or exercise only; EP or exercise with psycho education; and WLP or waiting list control condition where participants were randomly assigned. The study highlighted 8 weeks intervention with follow up after 2, 6 and 12 months respectively. It revealed that E and EP showed stress reduction in women with low education achievement. The findings are important as this group can be targeted for reducing stress and depressive symptoms. The study has a clear statement of goals and articulates its importance within the designated target group. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the ‘effects of multidisciplinary preventive intervention aimed at reducing stress and depressive symptoms among low-SES women’ (Waerden, et al. 85). The research is important because it addresses the gap of combining exercise with psycho social approaches for low SES women. It is highly relevant because low SES women often do not engage in preventive measures for stress or depression. Moreover, the studies so far have been accompanied by lot of questionnaires and feedbacks that required verbal skills and home assignments which have served as

The Culture and History of Switzerland Assignment

The Culture and History of Switzerland - Assignment Example The main principle that characterizes the country’s political system is that the citizens have the highest political authority in the states of Swiss. They have the leverage of conveying their opinion at the levels such as communal, cantonal, and federal. Moreover, they can not only vote on different issues but also elect representatives of the Federal Assembly (Swiss Community, 2015). Response to question 3 The geopolitics and geography of the Swiss sustained and allowed a tension-laden but polycentricity that was effective. The cantons stubbornly, on autonomy, canalized the attempts, as well as, state-building into a league mode of association instead of centralizing the unitary state model. The ultimate sovereignty neither depends on the citizen nor in some of the central universal principle though it will depend on the autonomous communities. This can be explained by the difference of in the democratic process of this country in comparison to other democracies. It has a direct democracy where the citizens influence government activities directly through either referenda or initiatives. In the federalism, the constitutional powers are citizen centered as well as the cantons. Moreover, they have consociational democracy where the cantonal majority rules. Cantons that are small have equal weight to those that are big (Swiss Community, 2015). Response to question 4 In my opinion, the culture and color character of the Zurich, Geneva, and Basel relatively differ. This can be attributed to the fact that the culture of the citizens is firmly anchored by the cantons. These cities are important facets of cultural identity as they contribute to the cultural and social substance towards the maintenance of the nation that is polycentric.

Testing Drugs On Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Testing Drugs On Animals - Essay Example The American Medical Association has stated that it believes that research involving animals is essential to maintaining and improving the health of human beings. They point out that all advances in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics to organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments. Arguments for animal experimentation may question the morality, necessity, and validity of these studies. The moral issue on animal experimentations concerns the need to protect human life and to improve the quality of life. The gains in human health and well being outweigh the cost in animal suffering which nonetheless should be kept to a minimum, in this viewpoint. It would be immoral to conduct such tests on humans, and so animals serve as our stand-ins for many kinds of testing and research. Those who support animal testing may care deeply about animals but don't place them on an equal status with humans. Research on animals may be deemed necessary for a variety of reasons: to develop vaccines and treatments and cures for diseases, to ensure that new products are safe to use. Such as making sure that they won't blind us, burn our skin, or even kill us and to help students, especially prospective doctors, veterinarians, and so on, learn their way around a body. Animals do make good research subjects for many purposes and research on them can tell us a great deal about ourselves. Animals are, in many ways, biologically similar to humans and are susceptible to many of the same health problems. Some species may serve as particularly good models for certain aspects of human health or physiology. Much of what we know about the immune system, for example, has come from studies with mice, and much of what we know about the cardiovascular system has come from studies with dogs. Many heart surgery techniques, such as coronary bypass surgery, artificial heart valve insertion, and pacemaker implants, were studied first in dogs before being used in people. (Jean Swingle Greek, DVM and C. Ray Greek, MD) Animals may make even better research subjects than humans in some regards. Furthermore, scientists can control certain aspects of an animal's environment, diet, temperature, lighting, and so on, more easily than would be possible with people. Supporters of the use of animals in research argue that alternative methods can't fully replace the use of animals, and may never do so. Neither cells grown outside a body nor computer programs can predict the complex interactions that occur in an entire living system. Countless medical treatments, techniques, and technologies have come about, at least in part, through animal experimentation. The development of immunization against such diseases as polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, pertussis, and hepatitis all involved research on animals, as did the discovery of insulin and the study of diabetes. Animal research also has played a part in the development of organ transplantation, hip replacement, chemotherapy, cardiac pacemakers, coro nary bypass surgery, ongoing efforts to understand and treat AIDS and Alzheimer's disease, and more. Arguments against animal testing may also question the morality, the necessity, or the validity of these studies. That is, whether we have the right to perform such

Population Advocate Role Essay Example for Free

Population Advocate Role Essay More than 50 million people in the United States have disabilities (Bauer, 2008). With the growing population and the careless lifestyle of some people, it is envisaged that more people would fall into this bracket. These disabilities include blindness, deafness, the handicapped, the mentally retarded and other ailments that does not allow people function as they would in the society. Although the government is doing its best to curb the rate of disability, it seems as if enough attention is not being given to those that are already disabled in our society. This is the job of the population advocate. The population advocate role has become a necessity in the human service field. This is because unlike other people of the society, these sections of the society have special needs and they need special attention. However, the question is who will take his/her time to attend to the needs of these people? The populations advocate for the disabled plays the role of speaking on behalf of the disabled section of the society. As a result of their condition, disabled people are often sidelined in the society and given little or no attention. The population advocate takes it upon himself/herself to see to the welfare condition of these people. The duty of advocacy should not be left to individuals and welfare organizations. It should be the collective responsibility of everyone as these people are also part of our society. People with disabilities have needs such as housing, treatment, short and long-term medical care, education, probation, and domestic violence. As an advocate, I can play a role by volunteering to take anybody with disability around me for treatment and ensure that he/she is treated like other patients. Apart from this, I would speak up, make a report to the police and rise in defense of the disabled whenever I see them being a victim of domestic violence. I will also make sure that I become a guide to the disabled person around me and become friends with them. I will also contact various welfare organizations to fund housing projects for the disabled in my community.

Personal Feelings And Learning From The Experiences Education Essay

Personal Feelings And Learning From The Experiences Education Essay This reflective report is written as part of the applied management project on WTOs impact on business entering new market which reviews the role of the regime in promoting cross border trade and new market access. According to Boud, Keogh and Walker (1985) reflective analysis is intended to enable a person to evolve, engage and develop the experience based knowledge. It is an open ended exercise giving meaning to the past experiences and understands better their significance in the present. A reflective analysis is made upon the period of writing up the dissertation project in a team is presented in the following paragraphs. The presentation of the reflection is based on my experiences upon the start of the project itself with anecdotes of the past coming up in between. This reflection has helped me to gain a better understanding of the role of reflective analysis of the past and how it can help me in my future career as well. The report is presented in four parts with my own and ou r groups recollection of experiences being the first part. This part gives out mainly my experience on the start of the project and phase when we worked as a group some of the frictions within the group and idea generation happening etc. In the next stage the dynamics of group is analysed in depth again based on my experience and also some feedback from my group itself. An attempt is made to connect the experiences with the theory on group dynamics and this presentation has helped me to understand the importance of group work, how difficult it is for some people to engage in groups and the opposite side where there are naturally talented leaders and followers. The part on group dynamics explores the theories on group formation especially Tuckmans (1963) theory of forming, storming, norming and performing. In the next section my personal feeling and some learning I gained from the experiences with working in a team. In this part I have also put forward the evolution of the project wo rk itself where I learned quite a lot on international business and the role of world trade organisation in the propagation of business around the world. In the final section the natural outcome from a reflective analysis is given in the form of lessons learned from the project work. Here is where this reflective analysis has indeed given results with some of the lessons and future action points have come as a real eye opener. In this exercise of reflection I have tried to be positive and have an analyst frame of mind. Recollection of Experiences In this section of the report I am putting together my experience from the start of the project, the first phases when we worked as a group some of the frictions within the group, idea generations and contributions of each member towards the report. From the first day of the induction programme into the project and upon learning the process of writing the reflective report our entire group decided to take notes on their personal experiences from each day of our meetings. In the end many in the group including me had failed to keep up this simple task. But we were at last able to put our thoughts together and sketch a rough idea as to what all had happened during our three months long process of project making. One of the initial surprises was the topic itself and the formation of the group. The university should have ideally given the students some time for group formation itself as was done in the case for other subjects where when a group report had to be written students were allocated time to form up the groups. But we had some idea that a group had to be formed and I along with some others had decided to join in the same group. Ultimately when the time for giving out the topics came some other students who were straggler in one sense also added up to our small group in order to make the numbers the university had mandated. This was initially and all along the project viewed as an inconvenience as most of these stragglers did not turn up for meetings or shares their piece of the work or take part in giving their ideas for the project. But during the reflection phase we realised that these additions only added up to our learning of group formation and performing in a group. After the groups were formed and topics allocated there were a weeks session where we had some constructive discussion on the project. This was the only phase in which the all the group members were present. The searching of information and collection of data for analysis were distributed in these initial days and we all agreed to meet up at regular intervals. Towards the end days of the first weeks session our attendance were beginning to collapse and many from the group dropped out. But it was during this first weeks group work that I experienced how a group can work together and how certain people are true leaders and others are followers. During the initial stages of the report making and when various points of views were discussed there were disagreement within the smaller group who were really cohesive as to the nature and the twist the dissertation should take. Some members were of the opinion that based on the initial inputs itself they should form a stand as to the nature of the progress. As our topic was the role of world trade organisation in developing international trade they argued that based on the initial sets of data literature review etc a stand of either the world trade organisation is good or bad should be taken. They argued that as we went along with the dissertation this will be the easier course as we only had to argue the cases were this has happened and collect and collate data from one side. But some other members of the group argued that making such a decision in the earlier stages of the work itself will be detrimental to the whole process of the project which is the analysis of the subject and based on the literature review and the analysis a discussion can be made as to whether the world trade organisation has indeed been advantageous pr disadvantageous to world trade. Finally some people choose to go with the initial strategy of determining what course they will take and then collecting all their data and analysing and discussion it in such a way that not other conclusion can be reached. These were the recollections and the experiences I had during the project which is worthwhile mentioning here in this report. Following is an analysis of these experiences on the formation of the groups and how I perceived it happened and the fallouts. The study on group formation and its implications has given me a better understanding of the team working requirements I need to face in a work situation and this analysis I believe will help me to perform better. Group Dynamics The group dynamics of the above recollections is analysed here in this section as said earlier the study on group formation and its implications has given me a better understanding of the team working requirements I need to face in a work situation and this analysis, I believe will help me to perform better. In this section the analysis is based mainly on Tuckmans (1963) theory of formation of the teams and their ability to perform. Tuckman (1963) is credited to have analysed the stages of the group formation and he named these sages as forming, storming, norming and performing. As per Schneider (2003), the purpose of a team is to bring together individuals with different backgrounds, skills, and abilities to solve problems or accomplish a set of goals and objectives working together that would be impossible to achieve working alone We were to work as a team for the applied management project and one of the ideas for working in the teams was to develop the sensation of building the team spirit and learn how to work in teams in our future careers. As said earlier we were a small group of four students who worked together in many assignments we had before and we gelled together even though there were some friction, ego clashes etc among us. But in spite of all these we were determined to be in one team for the applied management project. During the day of the first seminar some more students joined our teams and we became a big entity and we in fact had two small teams working in the same one. What happened were two small teams joined together along with some other stragglers who till then were not part of any informal groups of students. As soon as we got the topic we moved on to the stage to prepare ourselves and divide the work among us. It was during the initial stages that I realised how hard it is for the ma king of a team and working in them for many people. There were more than one leader in our entire team and each one had their own methods and views about the project work. In some fashion on the first day itself we found ourselves into two groups which were actually the two small groups which had joined up. I found out that there were more interactivity within these two separate groups and communication was much easier within the smaller groups. Analysing it now, I feel that these two smaller groups can be considered as two separate identities working together. At the time there were some misunderstandings, friction and miscommunication between the members and we thought that we were not going to work very well as a team. Each small team had an informal leadership role assumed or rather given and the main communication between the smaller groups happened through these leaders. The work to be done, the topics to be read and researched etc were divided up between the smaller groups i. e. initially into two and then we separately divided up these two parts again between ourselves. At the time we had many grievances about the working of each other but now I have come to realise that we indeed worked together but the overall composition was that of two separate identities working together. During the initial stages i.e. forming stage itself we inadvertently began working in our separate ways. Hence the formation of the group was that of two personalities of the two separate small groups. We each had our own working style and personality. It was during the norming stage that we truly started working in our individual groups and we started finding the rhythm. There were friction during the work allotment idea generation etc and this might be analysed as the storming stage where some personal differences and ego clashes came to the fore. In the end when we started to have separate group meetings and then combining our thoughts in the end by our respective leaders to ea ch other we were actually a performing group. Unfortunately it should be said that these group performances did not last very long. As soon as the induction week was over out group meetings ended and then we rarely met. But our small group which had earlier itself gone through the various stages of formation was a performing group and we tended to work together. Personal Feelings and Learning from the Experiences My personal feelings during the project work were mixed. I had a feeling that we were doing a great work and this chance will not come to us again. On the other hand the work was cumbersome, boring and tiring for most of us after the initial euphoria worn off. We kept on pushing the things to the last minute and indeed the reflection of our experiences we realised that we did not have a time bound schedule for doing things and even during initial stages when we tried to make some schedules it never were followed. I thought that there was plenty of time to do the research as there was three whole months to complete the project. One of the best learnings I had from the project was the scheduling of the project. This was a lesson learnt during the last days as the deadline approached there was a scramble for completing the work. One of the other developments was that even in our small groups there were many ideas on the project which never crossed my mind. I had a feeling from the beginning that I was among the better ones in my group as I always was a guide to many of my colleagues in our previous assignments. Many of my colleagues often turned towards me for ideas on how to do the assignments and presentations. But in the final project I realised that each individual have some thing to contribute to the overall performance of the team. This happened when they were sufficiently motivated to work for the project. The motivation to work and put effort came from the challenges we faced as from the very beginning we all realised that not a single individual could find all the answers and team work is needed. Hence each person had to put in their effort and when they saw their work getting appreciated them felt motivated enough to venture into unknown territory and come up with many ideas even though some of the m were complete idiotic. Hence I can say that individual effort does count in any group work. There were also instances of cases where I felt that some people with certain mentality are truly unable to work in groups at all. These are not to be construed as weakness in any part but it is true that some people are unable to work in groups. These are people with an independent frame of mind and they will stand out in as many as the group activities as they could. They could either participate negatively in a group work or does not participate at all. I learned quite a lot on international business and the role of world trade organisation in the propagation of business around the world. It was also during this study that the implications came upon me and some of the group members then formed some negative opinion of the world trade organisation. As it turned out the recent data and the literature were giving a negative aspect on the WTO. The literature review suggested that stronger and developed countries were putting much weight on the organisation to make the rules and regulations in their way so that poor developing countries need to open their trade barriers and cheap goods can be dumped in such countries. There were several instances of such cases were the poor countries were bullied by the developed world with the end result that the gap between the rich and the poor nations has only increased even after the formation of WTO. Lessons for Future Projects One of the important lessons I learned for the future career is on time keeping and the importance of planning the activities. During the final stages of the project we did not have enough time to complete as we had taken it easy from the beginning. This made me thinking in the final stages of the project on the importance of planning and scheduling of the work and also my life. I have decided to have a planning and make action points for each part of my life starting with my career plan. Till then I was an easy going person and hoped to get some job after my studies. But I realise that getting a job is not easy and getting a job that I would like to do will be very difficult. The other most important learning from this reflective analysis on the short period of the project was the subject of reflection itself. The reflection on my previous experiences gave me valuable insights into this self learning tool which can be used in my career. Self reflection is an important part of any body life and when we pause and analyse the past actions we realise that some of them were quite negative or time consuming and things could have been better. From this analysis action points can be made for the future. Reflection is not only to correct the past mistakes but also to gain valuable insights into the factors which have turned out better. Hence I have decided to use self reflection as a tool to pause and analyse my past actions and plan for my future career in every stage of life. Conclusion The above reflective report written as part of the applied management project on WTOs impact on business entering new market which reviews the role of the regime in promoting cross border trade and new market access. The presentation of the reflection is based on my experiences from the start of the project. The report presented in four parts gives a summary of the experiences I had over the four months of the project, the part played by the group is with an analysis into group dynamics exploring the theories on group formation, my personal feeling and some learning I gained from the experiences with working in a team and also the role of world trade organisation in the propagation of business around the world. In the final section the natural outcome from a reflective analysis is given in the form of lessons learned from the project work. One of the important lessons I learned for the future career is on time keeping and the importance of planning and scheduling of the work and also my life. I have decided to have a planning and make action points for each part of my life starting with my career plan. The other most important learning is the art of self reflection which is an important part of life; to pause and analyse the past actions to and plan for my future in every stage of life. I believe that this reflective analysis has indeed given results with some of the lessons and future action points have come as a real eye opener.

Neglected Side Of Leadership Phenomenon The Followers Management Essay

Neglected Side Of Leadership Phenomenon The Followers Management Essay Much has been said about leadership. From the organizational leaders, supervisory leaders, team leaders, political leaders, religious leaders and the name can be given to any role. The most neglected aspect is the one which is named follower and the one who makes the leader worthwhile. In the most concrete and obvious term leader and follower are the two sides of a single hand. Followership, on the other hand, is rarely brought up when leadership is being discussed, in spite of its obvious importance in the grand leadership plan (Kelley, 1988). Leadership is not one-dimensional; leadership is system thinking in multiple dimensions. In terms of systems thinking, the inclusion of organizational performers (followers) in the leadership process complements the notion that leaders are only responsible for about 20% of the work that is completed in an organization (Kelley, 1992). This paper is about exploring the importance of followers in the leadership phenomenon. Leadership: Leadership is the combination of tangible skills and personality to motivate people to accomplish goals. The focus of leadership is to direct organizational performers to accomplish organizational goals in an effective and timely manner. The characteristics of leadership include goals and values. As stated by Burns (1978), leadership is . . . inducing followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations- of both leader and followers (p. 19). Followership: Organizations exist in every form of society and are prevalent in the basic day-to-day operations of life (Kelley, 1992) and definitions of organizations vary in many ways. Barnard (1938) defined an organization as [a] system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons (p. 81). The combination of two or more persons working together implies the leader-follower scheme exists and, as with leadership styles, followers exhibit styles of followership. The leader-member exchange model: The leader-member exchange (LMX) model has been offered by Graen and his colleagues (e.g., Graen Wakabayashi, 1994) as an alternative approach to the study of leadership. In contrast to traditional models that imply that a leader exhibits a similar leadership style toward all members of a work group, the LMX model suggests that leaders may develop different types of relations with different members of the same work group. In this respect, the model depicts leader-follower relations (exchanges) as existing on a continuum ranging from high to low quality. The leader member exchange model proposed four grounds on which leader and follower interacts these are Attitudinal Similarity. Similarity is one of the most central theoretical and empirical constructs in cognitive psychology (Medin, Goldstone, Gentner, 1993). Within the field of management, the similarity-attraction effect provides the conceptual foundation for much research on organizational demography (Tsui, Egan, OReilly, 1992). The LMX model suggests that attitudinal similarity is an important influence on leader and follower interactions, being a prime determinant of successful ongoing relationship. Introversion and Extraversion: Years of research have convinced many investigators that the twin constructs of introversion and extraversion are a central dimension of personality (McCrae John, 1992). Introversion/extraversion is a broad dimension that deals with the interpersonal activity so important in leader-follower relations. To the extent that the LMX model suggests that followers are able to influence the quality of their interactions with leaders, it is possible that extraverted followers, seeking interpersonal relations, would attempt a high level of inter-action with leaders not only to gain the satisfaction of interacting, but also to enhance the possibility of being assigned stimulating tasks. Such behavior corresponds closely with that underlying high-quality leader-follower exchange. Locus of Control: Research has repeatedly shown locus of control to be an important construct for explaining workplace behavior (Spector, 1982). Individuals with an internal locus of control generally feel that they can control events in their lives and perceive personal initiative to be largely instrumental in attaining success. In contrast, individuals who generally feel that outside or environmental forces determine what happens in their lives, who are said to have an external locus of control, ascribe little or no value to initiative because they view success as to some extent unrelated to effort. Of interest here is the tendency of those with an internal locus of control (henceforth, internals) regarding situational control (Strickland, 1989). That is, because internals believe they can control a work setting through their own initiative and independence of action, they should attempt to achieve more control than do externals if they believe the control will lead to desired outcomes. Thus, as Spe ctor (1982) predicted and Blau (1993) reported internals will probably attempt to control performance outcomes via initiative based rather than compliant behaviors. Initiative-based behaviors could include attempting negotiations relating to operating procedures and policies, work assignments, working conditions, and work schedules. In the leader member exchange model, such leader-follower negotiation is characteristic of high-quality exchanges. Growth Need Strength Growth need strength is a personal attribute that concerns a persons desire to grow and develop as an individual. As an explanatory construct, growth need strength is a central concept in understanding the influence of job characteristics (Kulik Oldham, 1988). Graen and Scandura (1987) contended that having some work group members with job-growth potential (ability) and the motivation to accept challenges beyond their job descriptions contributes to the success of leader-follower exchanges. These four dimensions of personality through leader member exchange model depict the importance of relationship between leader and follower. Through empirical findings it was clear that whenever leader and follower have a balance in their personality outcomes are more significant. Kellys style of follower ship: Leader and follower are the two sides of same domain which is how to get best out of circumstances. The relationship between follower and leader exists and cannot be denied. As leader exhibits styles so the follower also exhibits style. Kelley (1992) defined followership styles as exemplary . . . alienated . . . conformist . . . pragmatist . . . and passive (p. 97). These styles constitute the basis of the Kelley followership model and relate the followership styles to individual personality attributes in terms of thinking and acting in organizations. Individual thinking attributes are (a) independent critical, (b) dependent critical, (c) active, or (d) passive. These thinking attributes, like the styles of followership and leadership, give dimension to the philosophical notion of followership. Alienated followers are mavericks who have a healthy skepticism of the organization. They are capable, but cynical. Conformist followers are the yes people of the organizations. They are very active at doing the organizations work and will actively follow orders. Passive followers rely on leaders to do the thinking for them. They also require constant direction. Exemplary followers are independent, innovative, and willing to question leadership. This type of follower is critical to organizational success. The Leadership-Exemplary Followership Exchange Model: Exemplary Followership: The style of followership coined by Kelly provides the philosophical basis for followership research. The exemplary followers are the one who makes leaders effective. Banutu-Gomez (2004) stated that To succeed, leaders must teach their followers not only how to lead: leadership, but more importantly, how to be a good follower: followership (p. 143). Schaubroeck and Lam (2002) stated, Regardless of work unit individualism/collectivism, supervisors were more likely to form trusting, high-commitment [relationships] with subordinates who were similar to them in personality (p. 1132). This statement supports Johnsons (2003) conclusion that . . . followership modality variation . . . revealed that followers generally reflect modality that corresponds with the leaders style and behavior (p. 110). Johnsons conclusion and Banutu-Gomezs contention that leaders must teach their followers to be good followers, displays a connection to Kelleys (1992) notion that exemplary followership can be taught. To develop exemplary followership, leaders must educate organizational performers to become exemplary followers by demonstrating the exemplary followership attribu tes as developed by Kelley. The following 15 attributes define exemplary followership. Exemplary followers, according to Kelley (1992), 1. Think for themselves 2. Go above and beyond the job 3. Support the team and the leader 4. Focus on the goal 5. Do an exceptional job on critical path activities related to the goal 6. Take initiative on increasing their value to the organization 7. Realize they add value by being who they are, their experiences and ideals 8. Structure their daily work and day-to-day activities 9. See clearly how their job relates to the enterprise 10. Put themselves on the critical path toward accomplishment 11. Make sure the tasks they are to perform are on the critical path 12. Review their progress daily or weekly 13. Increase their scope of critical path activities 14. Develop additional expertise 15. Champion new ideas. (pp. 126-166) Relationships and Culture Building relationships while identifying with the leader of an organization and their vision is essential to good followership. Jehn and Bezrukova (2003) contended that followership is a people oriented behavior, and this behavior builds relationships between leaders and other followers, providing an environment that promotes all organizational members to focus on a common goal. Jehn and Bezrukova suggested that good followers may be a catalyst for change in an organization as followership Inspires others to follow toward a common goal; creates enthusiasm and desire to excel; fully engages others; builds confidence; moves the organization ahead as one entity rather than separate parts (p. 728). As relationships are important between leaders and followers, the quality of these relationships are equally important factors in developing an organizational culture of followers who maintain the characteristics that promote good followership. Werlin (2002) contended that good followership relationships must build on motivation rather than control, and that instilling values into followers is essential to developing a culture of trust and good relationships. The balance of power between leader and follower; however, must be maintained in order to provide a culture of openness that promotes self-engagement. A good relationship between followership to leadership requires that both leader and follower share elements of each (Schruijer Vansina, 2002). Schruijer and Vansina contended that the characteristics of leaders and followers define the relationship that becomes followership and leadership. Wong (2003) contended that organizational cultures must involve and value all members of the organization, and that the characteristics of all members define the roles of leaders and followers. The identification and sharing of roles lead to LEFX. Transformational Leadership and Followership Bass (1990) suggested the implementation of transformational leadership could change followers into leaders. Humphreys and Einstein (2004) contended that transformational leadership could motivate followers to be self-directing and increase follower performance. Changing followers to become self-motivated, self-directive and a leader from within is consistent with Kelleys (1992) exemplary followership style. These examples from the literature fall short of explaining the perceptions these followers have of the change from the follower perspective, as the perspective is consistently from the leaders point of view. Dvir, Eden, Avolio, and Shamir, (2002) longitudinal field study attempted to examine follower development as opposed to leader development in terms of followership, but the result of Dvir et al.s study contended that transformational leadership improves a followers ability to think for themselves, thus continuing the theme that leadership makes the follower. However, exchang es of roles between leader and follower aid in the development of motivation and trust to form the LFX. Leader Follower Roles Townsend (2002) contended that the roles of leaders and followers change from that of follower to leader and back again, depending on the situation and demands of the organization. At times, followers can determine their faith in this role reversion, but other times, leadership must inspire the followers to be followers and eventually leaders (Jehn Bezrukova, 2003). Jabnoun, Juma, and Rasasi (2005) found that charismatic leaders are able to instill a sense of purpose and vision in followers who will inspire the followers to identify with the leader. Identification with the leaders vision is essential to motivating and inspiring followers to lead. Active Engagement Solovy (2005) stated, Exemplary followers work beyond the expected to produce exemplary results (p. 32). This statement provides an element of active engagement of exemplary followership, and a review of the literature (Dvir Shamir, 2003; Johnson, 2003; Petrausch, 2002; Solovy, 2005) pertaining to followership and active engagement has yielded a connection between active engagement and followership. In a longitudinal study, Dvir and Shamir found that collectivistic orientation, critical-independent approach, [to follower development] active engagement in the task, and self-efficacy, positively predicted transformational leadership among indirect followers (p. 327) Theories by Kelley (1992), Barnard (1938), and Chaleff (2003) implied that good followers actively engage and think for themselves. This supports the relationship between active engagement and followership in a way that complements the theories. The systems that support follower active engagement remain diverse in the developmental process, leader influence; individual performer character, learning, and the follower understanding of their role in an organization are key factors in developing a good followership mentality that supports active engagement. To implement change in an organization, the exemplary follower must understand transformational change and the role the follower has in transformation. Both leadership philosophies of Kelley (1992) and Barnard (1938) emphasize teams as well as informal and formal organizations. Barnards philosophy contends that an organization . . . is a system composed of the activities of human beings (p. 77). This is in essence a team, and as stated by Barnards observation that cooperation is essential for an organization to function, suggests the notion of teamwork. This realization of cooperative systems is a germinal element of teaming and an integral part of followership. In comparison, Kelley (1992) embraced teaming as a component of followership. Followership promotes self-reliance among team members, and this self-reliance provides leaders with less need to lead and thus, develops followership (Kelley). A model for Leadership-Followership Exchanges As long as there have been leaders, there have been followers, and leaders cannot accomplish what they do without followers (Kelley, 1992). Newell (2002) suggested that a growing trend in leadership is to inspire followership, and to this end, coaching and mentoring leaders to transform their followers into good followers is essential in todays business environments. Managers must participate actively in the forming of good follower relationships (Vince, 2002) if managers are to benefit from the Leader-Follower Exchanges that promote sharing organizational goals consistent with enterprise wide vision and values. Figure 1 the Leadership-Exemplary Followership Exchange model illustrates the cycle of leadership-Exemplary Followership Exchanges based on relationships and culture, transformational leadership and followership, leader follower roles, active engagement, and development of exemplary followership as defined by Kelley (1992). The concept developed by the LEFX model provides for a culture of organizational leadership that originates from the bottom up. Relationships developed between leaders and followers must be open to dialogue regarding the vision of the organization. Shared vision between leaders and followers will develop a culture of trust and lead to active engagement of followers. Leaders must educate follower to be exemplary followers and as such, provide followers with a sense of confidence that they have the knowledge to lead themselves as an active engaged member of the organization. This model provides a cycle of relationship between leader and follower. It presents a framework for the exemplary followers to become leaders in the future. Overcoming Adversity: The Impact of Leadership Attributes or Traits 1. Honesty or integrity 2. A high level of people skills 3. Initiative, assertiveness, drive, or determination 4. Excellent communication skills or willingness to speak up, take a Position, or take charge 5. Vision (being forward-looking) 6. Desire or passion to lead and inspire 7. Positive attitude and self-confidence; charisma 8. Knowledge of the business and/or group task at hand; competence 9. The ability to overcome adversity or obstacle 10. Being a Servant-Leader, serving people, and especially being humble 11. Having both religious faith and strong family ties 12. Framing or recognizing the worst adversity as an opportunity 13. Having a mentor or mentors in their development as leaders Haller (2008, pp.13-14) Leadership Attributes or Traits, and Transformational Leadership Research Starting back in the 1980s there was a resurgence of researchers updating the academic literature with their findings, repackaging, and comments leadership trait theory. Many of the leadership scholars focused there framing on leadership traits in the context of discussing transformational leadership. Review of Recent Research on Individual Traits or Attributes The findings, re-naming and framing of trait theory and transformational, or situational leadership research was led by scholars such as, Blanchard and Johnson (1982), Blanchard, Zigarmi, and Zigarmi (1985), Kouzes and Posner (2002), Peters and Waterman (1982), Peters and Austin (1985), and Peters (1987). Peters and his co-authors commented on trait theory by adding their concept of excellence as the objective of leadership success. Much of the leadership theory research focused on the important effects of being a transformational leader. A great number of the studies done on traits by researchers in the first half of the twentieth century used young children or high school/college students as their subjects (Bass Stogdill, 1990, pp. 59-77). Much of the research done on leadership traits after 1950 focused on business managers, major company CEOs, and recent college graduates entering management training programs in large firms (pp. 78-88). By the second half of the twentieth century, the theory that leaders were born had been rejected by several major researchers, including Bennis (1989, p. 5), Gardner (1990, p. xv), and Kotter (1990, pp. 103-107). Van Fleet and Yukl (1986) held that certain characteristics improved a leaders chance of success and that those characteristics included initiative and fortitude. Manns (1959) research on leadership documented the positive relationship between the personal traits of intelligence, adjustment, extroversion, dominance, masculinity, and sensitivity. The work by Jago (1982) asserted that there is a set of qualities or characteristics which can be attributed and measured in those who are perceived to successfully employ such characteristics (pp. 317-319). Jago concluded that leaders behavior is determined by their attributes. Their characteristics, knowledge, and skills, which he called qualities, influenced their behavior. Jago focused specifically on how these qualities of a leader interact with the leaders perception of group attributes, the particular task at hand, and the general context of the situation (pp. 315-336). Kouzes and Posners (2002) extensive research identified respected and admired characteristics in leaders necessary to make or build a leader. Kouzes and Posner identified nineteen qualities or characteristics as being the most admired in leaders; which they claimed were consistent over time and across six continents (pp. 24-25). Their list started with honest, which was selected by 88% of the respondents (pp. 24-28). Their other top three traits were: (a) forward-looking, (b) competent, and (c) inspiring, having been selected by between 58% and 73%. A fifth quality, intelligent, received a 47% response rating from the survey participants (pp. 25-26). Kouzes and Posner administered their survey over a period of twenty years to over 75,000 participants, including ten thousand mangers and business executives and a limited number of government managers (p. 24).Haller (2008, pp.13-15) An integrated model of Exemplary followership is leadership: With the help of traits of exemplary follower and universally accepted leadership traits a model for followership is leadership is developed here which can support the assumption exemplary followership is leadership in certain contexts of organizations. An exemplary follower can take the role of leader in a situation where he as an exemplary follower will act as a leader. (E) See clearly how their job relates to the enterprise/ Knowledge of the business and/or group task at hand; competence (L) (E) Realize they add value by being who they are, their experiences and ideals/. A high level of people skills (L) (E) Structure their daily work and day-to-day activities/ competent (L) (E) Realize they add value by being who they are, their experiences and (E) Take initiative on increasing their value to the (E) See clearly how their job relates to the enterprise/ (E) Structure their daily work and day-to-day activities/ competent (E) Take initiative on increasing their value to the organization/. Initiative, assertiveness, drive, or determination (E) Put themselves on the critical path toward accomplishment/ Positive attitude and self-confidence; charisma (L) (E) Do an exceptional job on critical path activities related to the goal/ Desire or passion to lead and inspire (L) (E) Make sure the tasks they are to perform are on the critical path/ the ability to overcome adversity or obstacle (L) (E) Focus on the goal/ Excellent communication skills or willingness to speak up, take position, or take charge (L) E) Review their progress daily or weekly/ competent (L) (E) Support the team and the leader/ Being a Servant-Leader, serving people, and especially being humble (L) (E) Increase their scope of critical path activities/ Framing or recognizing the worst adversity as an opportunity (L) (E)Go above and beyond the job/ Vision (being forward-looking) (L) (E)Develop additional expertise/ having a mentor or mentors in their development as leaders (L) (E) Champion new ideas/) forward-looking (L) (E)Think for themselves/. Honesty or integrity (L) Leader and exemplary follower traits Leadership Exemplary follower ship is leadership (E for exemplary followership traits, L for leadership traits) Kellys followership basis: Followership, for example, sounds like the words of Jesus, who chose his disciples with the command, Follow me (NAS: Mat. 4:19, 9:9, 16:24, 19:21, Mar.1:17, 2:14, 8:34, 10:21, Luk. 5:27, 9:23, 18:22). In fact, in the four gospels, the word follow occurs 91 times. Actually, however, Kelley traces his inspiration to a moment of boredom in a hotel room (1992, p. 22) where his eyes came to rest on a bible, presumably provided by the Gideons. This caused him to reflect on religions in general-Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam and Christianity. And he began to consider how Christs followers-not Christ himself-changed the world. This is how Kelleys thinking on followership began. Similarly, Greenleafs concept of servant leadership could conceivably have been inspired by Christ. In Mark (10:43-45), Jesus tells his disciples whoever wishes to become great among you shall be your servant; and whoever wishes to be first among you shall be slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many. And in John (13:14-15), Jesus says, If I then, the Lord and the Teacher, washed your feet, you also ought to wash one anothers feet. For I gave you an example that you also should do as I did to you. Though Greenleaf does freely refer to various events and statements from the life of Christ, Greenleaf only once quotes one of Jesus servant statements though the mouth of Mr. Billings, a character in Teacher as Servant (1979, p. 28) This initial thinking of Kelly towards followership is supporting the notion that followership is leadership varying to different contexts of organizations. Barack Obama: An exemplary Follower Born to a Kenyan father and an American mother, Barack Obama has a multiracial heritage. He made history when he was elected as the 44th President of the United States of America, as he is the first African American to hold this post. Though, young and inexperienced as he has not spent much time in Washington, Barack Obama has worked for the last twenty years as a community organizer, a civil rights attorney, a constitutional law professor, a State Senator and then U.S. Senator. He was hired as Community organizer by Developing Communities Project, a church based community organization. The organization wanted a young black man to help them collaborate with black churches in the south side. From 1985 to 1988, Obama worked there as Director of the organization. He helped blacks fight for their rights from the city government. He worked to improve the living conditions of poor neighborhoods which faced crimes unemployment. Working in a small organization taught him organizational skills. He was always good with words and was known for making speeches which people could emotionally connect to. He worked with Saul Alinsky whose method was agitation which meant getting people angry enough about their current state of things that they are compelled to take some step and do something. During his tenure at Developing Communities Project, the staff at this organization grew from 1 to 13 and so did their budget. Then, he worked as consultant and instructor for Gamalie l Foundation, a community organizing institute. Barack Obama felt that law was a medium which could facilitate activism and community organization. So in late 1988, he entered Harvard Law School. In his second year at college, in 1990, he was elected as the president of law review. This role required him to be editor- in-chief and supervisor of law review staff of about 80 editors. As he was the first black to be elected for this position, it was a widely reported and much publicized event. It had taken Obama long sessions of discussion with conservatives to support him. While still in law school in 1989, he worked as an associate at Sidley and Austin law firms. He met his future wife Michelle, also a lawyer, here. Newton Minnow was a managing partner here. Minnow, later introduced him to many of the Chicagos top leaders. In the summer of 1990, he worked at Hopkins and Sutter and finally graduated from Harvard in 1991; after which he again moved back to Chicago where he practiced as a civil rights lawyer. His could have easily tak en up a god job after Harvard but his values and mothers teachings had taught him to do something for the society and the less privileged ones. The publicity that he garnered at Harvard, because of his election as first black president of Harvard law review, led him to an offer by University of Chicago law school to write book on racial relations. Meanwhile, Barack Obama also taught Constitutional Law at University of Chicago Law School from 1992- 2004; first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996 and then as Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004. Barack had also joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill and Galland law firm as civil rights attorney. He was an Associate in this law firm from 1993 to 1996 and then counsel from 1996 to 2004. Barack served on the board of Directors Woods Fund of Chicago, Joyce foundation form 1994 to 2002. In 1992, he became the founding member of board of director of Public Allies but resigned in 1993 and his wife joined it. All these years in Chicago, he served on board of directors of Chicago Annenberg Challenge, Chicago lawyers Committee for Civil Right under Law, the Centre for Neighborhood Technology and Lugenia Burns Hope Center. In 1992 election he had organized largest voter registration drives, Project Vote, in history of Chicago from April to October 1992. He had with him a staff of ten and around seven hundred volunteers. They had the goal of registering around 150,000 African Americans in the state who were unregistered. It was one of the most successful voter registration drives one had ever seen. Baracks work led him to run for Illinois State Senate. Eventually, he was elected in 1996 November, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer, as Barack Obama was the only candidate left, after rest of the petitions were invalidated.. He went on to serve three terms in the Illinois State Senate, from the year 1997 to 2004. Barack lost a primary run for U.S. House of Representatives to Bobby Rush in a very close fight in the year 2000. In the year 2003, he passed legislation to expand healthcare coverage to 70,000 children making Kid care, state Childrens Health insurance program, permanent. The legislation also extended health insurance to uninsured parents, which added up to additional 84,000 parents. After he found there were 13 innocent death row inmates, Barrack saw to it that death penalty reforms were changed. Also, Illinois became the first state where videotaping an interrogation became mandatory. Even Law enforcement agreed that recording questioning would help the prosecutions chances. As the Chairman of Illinois Senates Health and Human Services Committee, Barack Obama unanimously led a legislation to be passed on racial profiling by the police, which means maintaining records of the race, age and gende r of the drivers detained. For low income families, Obama created Illinois Earned Income tax credit which offered tax relief. Barack Obama came into national limelight with an inspiring speech at July 2004 Democratic National Convention where he spoke against the Bush administrations policies on Iraq war. His speech was the highlight of the convent

The History of Video Games Essay -- Video Games

The History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from their own stores, making consumers believe that the game system would only work on Magnavox TV sets. Things stay quiet until 1976. With the success of Atari (the makers of Pong), many game companies arise and try to release their own gaming systems. Due to the sudden high demands for electronics parts, many companies did not receive their products on time. During this time, Fairchild Camera and Instruments releases their game system, titled the Video Entertainment System, later renamed as Channel F. This is the first home system to have programmable video games via game cartridges. Users can now change games with by swapping in and out a game cartridge (which is about the size of a 8 track tape). 1977, Atari opens Pizza Time Theatre, a restaurant with coin operated arcade games and dancing and singing mechanical animals. Interestingly enough, the mascot of Pizza Time was a giant rat by the name of Chuck E. Cheese. Seeing the success they had with software, Atari decided they would debut their own cartridge based video game console, known as the Atari 2600. A year later, Midway games imports arcade game Space Invader by Japanese developer Taito, to the US. The game was a ... ...s project and ended its contract with Nintendo. It own focus on a next generation CD only gaming system aimed at defeating Nintendo. This Sony system later became the Sony Playstation (32bit) released in 1995. Along with the Playstation, other companies such as Nintendo and Sega releases their own 32bit system. In the end the Sony machine comes out on top. Meanwhile, Nintendo sticks with their cartridge based design and releases the 64bit Nintendo 64 gaming system. Unfortunately, due to high cost and limiting factor of cartridge systems, not many developers hopped on board. Fast forward to today, we have three major players in the field, Nintendo’s Gamecube, Sony’s Playstation 2 and the new comer, Microsoft’s XBOX. Sony still remains on top while XBOX and Gamecube fighting fiercely for number 2. Source Cited Gamespot.com. The History of Video Games Essay -- Video Games The History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from their own stores, making consumers believe that the game system would only work on Magnavox TV sets. Things stay quiet until 1976. With the success of Atari (the makers of Pong), many game companies arise and try to release their own gaming systems. Due to the sudden high demands for electronics parts, many companies did not receive their products on time. During this time, Fairchild Camera and Instruments releases their game system, titled the Video Entertainment System, later renamed as Channel F. This is the first home system to have programmable video games via game cartridges. Users can now change games with by swapping in and out a game cartridge (which is about the size of a 8 track tape). 1977, Atari opens Pizza Time Theatre, a restaurant with coin operated arcade games and dancing and singing mechanical animals. Interestingly enough, the mascot of Pizza Time was a giant rat by the name of Chuck E. Cheese. Seeing the success they had with software, Atari decided they would debut their own cartridge based video game console, known as the Atari 2600. A year later, Midway games imports arcade game Space Invader by Japanese developer Taito, to the US. The game was a ... ...s project and ended its contract with Nintendo. It own focus on a next generation CD only gaming system aimed at defeating Nintendo. This Sony system later became the Sony Playstation (32bit) released in 1995. Along with the Playstation, other companies such as Nintendo and Sega releases their own 32bit system. In the end the Sony machine comes out on top. Meanwhile, Nintendo sticks with their cartridge based design and releases the 64bit Nintendo 64 gaming system. Unfortunately, due to high cost and limiting factor of cartridge systems, not many developers hopped on board. Fast forward to today, we have three major players in the field, Nintendo’s Gamecube, Sony’s Playstation 2 and the new comer, Microsoft’s XBOX. Sony still remains on top while XBOX and Gamecube fighting fiercely for number 2. Source Cited Gamespot.com.

Apples’ Current Position as a Socially Responsible Business Essays

Apple Corporation is a computer company that sells consumer electronics and computer hardware/software. Three men started the corporation in Cupertino, CA: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. The three men wanted to make and sell personal computers. Later, Ronald Wayne sold his share to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. It was a very risky investment and too much of a risk for Ronald Wayne back then. Apple is one of the biggest computer companies in the world. Today they said to be worth around $705 Billion (Finger, 2013). It has very loyal customers that trust and buy only Apple products. The company is well known for its quality electronics. Despite its rather high prices, people will wait in line and pre-order Apples’ â€Å"Next big thing†. This company is well respected and well known. It must adhere to ethical business practices by being a socially responsible business. This paper will examine Apples’ current position as a socially responsible business. We will start by determining if Apple meets the standards it has made for itself as well as legal standards. Then we will look at the impact of supplier violations of Apples’ ethical and social responsibility policy and discuss ways to ensure fewer violations in the future. After establishing ways to regulate and implement more cooperation from suppliers, we will analyze Apples’ current marketing strategy and determine if customers will pay more for a product from an ethically and socially responsible company. Examine Apple’s Current Position on the Company’s Ethical and Social Responsibilities, and Determine Whether or Not the Company Has Met These Responsibilities. Provide Two (2) Examples That Support Your Position Apple’s US facilities are ethically and socially sound in... ...exposed or genuinely caring about the employees that make their product. References Boon, L.E. & Kurtz. D.L(2013). Contemporary Business (15th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jiang, S. (2011). Green activists in China target alleged Apple Suppliers. Retrieved from cnn.com Apple (2014). Apple and the Environment. Retrieved from apple.com Barboza, D. (2011) Explosion at Apple Supplier Caused by Dust, China Says. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://nytimes.com/2011/05/technology/25foxconn.html Apple (2011). Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results. Apple Press Info. Retrieved from Apple.com Vause, J (2010). Inside China factory hit by suicides. Retrieved from cnn.com Cary, J. (2012). Apple, consumers must urge worker justice. Retrieved from cnn.com Armstrong, P. (2012). Report: Poor conditions at Apple’s China suppliers. Retrieved from cnn.com

Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Essay -- Anne Bradstreet Fe

Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Feminism today remains prominent because even while women’s rights are very strong, women are still fighting for equality every day. In the time of Anne Bradstreet, women had few rights and they were seen as inferior to men. Anne lived among the puritans whom ruled her everyday life. Although it was against the puritan code for women to receive an education, Bradstreet’s father, Thomas Dudley, loved his daughter dearly and made sure that she was well educated which shows in her works. Anne Bradstreet’s literature became well known only because her family published her works under a male name. This was done because writing poetry was a serious offense to the puritans since poetry was considered creative and the only creating that was done was by God. In the works of Anne Bradstreet, she conveys a feminist attitude, and could very well be one of the first American Feminists. Bradstreet was very religious, and the religion she faithfully followed was very male dominant. Perhaps this is why Bradstreet never had a strong voice. Surely if she were to have voiced her opinions loudly and strongly she would have suffered dire consequences. Anne Hutchinson was banished because she publicly voiced her objections to the code of puritan lifestyle and beliefs. Living in a harsh puritan society most likely intimidated Bradstreet, so instead, she carefully weaved her early feminist thought into her poems and stories so that they weren’t too apparent. For example, in †The Prologue,† Bradstreet conveys knowledge of recognizing the kind of patriarchy she lives in, in the fifth and sixth stanza. I am obnoxious to each carping tongue/ Who says my hand a needle better fits,/ A p... ...sband, mothered eight children, risking death from each pregnancy, and managed to live sixty years. She was the first woman in American Literature to have her work published and also one of the first American women to begin thinking as a femenist. Even though Bradstreet was not a prominent, public femenist, she realized that she had to start somewhere and due to her living in the strict patriarchal puritan society, she did what she could. Although Bradstreet was very religious and held her spirituality very close to her, she still put together early femenist thought and can be considered one of the first American femnists. Works Cited History of Women in the United States. 9 November 2005. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Online. 15 November 2005 . Woodlief, Ann. Biography of Anne Bradstreet. Virginia Commonwealth University. 14 November 2005 . Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Essay -- Anne Bradstreet Fe Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Feminism today remains prominent because even while women’s rights are very strong, women are still fighting for equality every day. In the time of Anne Bradstreet, women had few rights and they were seen as inferior to men. Anne lived among the puritans whom ruled her everyday life. Although it was against the puritan code for women to receive an education, Bradstreet’s father, Thomas Dudley, loved his daughter dearly and made sure that she was well educated which shows in her works. Anne Bradstreet’s literature became well known only because her family published her works under a male name. This was done because writing poetry was a serious offense to the puritans since poetry was considered creative and the only creating that was done was by God. In the works of Anne Bradstreet, she conveys a feminist attitude, and could very well be one of the first American Feminists. Bradstreet was very religious, and the religion she faithfully followed was very male dominant. Perhaps this is why Bradstreet never had a strong voice. Surely if she were to have voiced her opinions loudly and strongly she would have suffered dire consequences. Anne Hutchinson was banished because she publicly voiced her objections to the code of puritan lifestyle and beliefs. Living in a harsh puritan society most likely intimidated Bradstreet, so instead, she carefully weaved her early feminist thought into her poems and stories so that they weren’t too apparent. For example, in †The Prologue,† Bradstreet conveys knowledge of recognizing the kind of patriarchy she lives in, in the fifth and sixth stanza. I am obnoxious to each carping tongue/ Who says my hand a needle better fits,/ A p... ...sband, mothered eight children, risking death from each pregnancy, and managed to live sixty years. She was the first woman in American Literature to have her work published and also one of the first American women to begin thinking as a femenist. Even though Bradstreet was not a prominent, public femenist, she realized that she had to start somewhere and due to her living in the strict patriarchal puritan society, she did what she could. Although Bradstreet was very religious and held her spirituality very close to her, she still put together early femenist thought and can be considered one of the first American femnists. Works Cited History of Women in the United States. 9 November 2005. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Online. 15 November 2005 . Woodlief, Ann. Biography of Anne Bradstreet. Virginia Commonwealth University. 14 November 2005 .

Kowloon Motor Bus Co. Analysis

The Kowloon Motor Bus Co. (1933) Ltd. (KMB) is the largest public bus company in Hong Kong. KMB carries over 2. 8 million passengers per day and operates some 4,000 buses on 400 bus routes cover and across Kowloon, the New Territories and Hong Kong Island. KMB is the only local bus company to hold both ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001 certification and has earned the distinction of being one of the few public bus companies in the world to operate profitably without a government subsidy.Innovation – The Way Forward. As a leader in public bus operations, KMB pioneered the development of super-low-floor easy access buses in 1996 to provide comfortable access for people in need. To extend the company's service network without increasing the number of buses on the road, and to offer passengers the convenience of point-to-point travel, KMB operates 61 Octopus Bus-Bus Interchange fare discount packages comprising about 250 bus routes. Cost advantage: To streamline operations and track cos ts, the company uses a computerised Bus Maintenance Management System and an electronic Traffic Operations Management System.These in-house innovations have won acclaim from the Hong Kong Computer Society. Brand loyalty: Outstanding Customer Communications KMB has developed web-based and face to face communication channels to complement the company's widely used award winning Customer Service Hotline. The 24-hour KMB Customer Service Hotline uses geographic information technology in the form of a digital map Passenger Enquiry (PEQ) System to uphold its pledge of first contact resolution for customer enquiries.The system is equipped with 3-D images of over 100,000 landmarks to provide prompt and personalized bus route information. Since its launch, the digital map has won wide acclaim in local, regional and international awards for technology innovation, and the KMB Customer Service Hotline was recently named as the best contact centre of its class in the world. KMB, the winner of th e CILT A ward 2007 – Passenger Transport Excellence organised a Depot Visit and Presentation Session to share their environmental protection works with CILTHK members on 29th March 2008.At the event, KMB was presented with the logo of CILT Award 2007 for use throughout the year to strengthen their reputation as well as a corporate image for their quality service provided to the community. Competitors: Taxi services We observe that in the past 10 years or so, rail, franchised and non-franchised bus and PLB services have all been extended and improved. Against this background taxi services (the vehicle, passenger facilities and the driver's service and driving skills) have changed little. The earlier competitive advantage taxis had as convenient, air-conditioned services has been substantially eroded.Furthermore, the fare is no longer competitive on longer journeys, leading to fierce competition between taxi drivers through discounted services. A better operating environment fo r taxis, thereby allowing them to provide better service to passengers in accordance with the policy objective of providing a personalized, point to point, public transport service. The flexibility and personal service provided by taxis make them ideal for this purpose, provided a suitable vehicle can be found. Once introduced, subsidies may be made available to facilitate those in wheelchairs using the service.

Library Management System

Case study calculator attainment De surgical incisionmental depository program depository program library By grace OKEOWO 08710007 FOR THE Award of Ordinary study diploma In COMPUTER skill Of MOSHOOD ABIOLA engineering school Abstracts Library focus musical arrangement is an expression or branch of schooling whileagement system that bear ons the eternalises of both the subroutine program depository program depository program library utilisers, rule sacred scriptures in the library and the activities that is going on in the library, activities the like lift outing contains and reverting makes. cultivation counselling in common is the parade and care of schooling from superstar or more than source and diffusion of the study to maven or more audience.This m whatsoever clips involves those who a stake in or right to that study. Management essence the make-up of and control over the structure, processing, and pitch shot of breeding. In short breeding management entails organizing retrieving getting and maintaining learning. It is closely related to and cooccur with the charge of information management. A undecomposed library manager must be satisfactory to take of the avocation activities in the library realise immortalises of confines in the library. Keep drops of the library user. Keep track of books borrowed by any library user. Keep record of time a library user borrowed and come up back books. Do the fol secondarying digest aft(prenominal) each day for determination fashioning purpose ? Analysis of book borrowed by per day. ?Analysis of the vitrine of book nation requested for per day. ? Analysis of the compose muckle film his/her book about per day. wholly the above analysis is involve receivable to the following reasons. ? To get the emblem of books flock learn well-nigh in the library to avoid congestion. To get the fibre of books from a particular author which throng emp athize closely in the library so as to avoid congestion. mental home backcloth to the study education for the novel trigger is a resource t bothy in importance to land, and other factors of production. It is precise live and a prices less resources. For centuries, man has essay to collate, store, process and retrieve information and most importantly analysis of the info in front distribute or fleet it by the conveyy(prenominal) fast testify mean.It follows, indeed that man has tried divers(a)(a) shipway and methods to record analyse and break up information in his attempts to proffer firmness to low security of data, utile data communication, effective data analysis and sp select more. Information therefore is data that take aim been elegant into meaningful and usable form, and it contains experience that reduces falteringly in particular spatial relation and it is in general useful in finality do. exclusively unfortunately most community in this cou ntry do non have effective means of information management the departmental library is a exemplary example of such.About The Old dodge Library is a place where books be unploughed are unploughed for pupil subscribers to come and hold or borrow to their various home for translation, for the security of these books record of library user are take to kept likewise record of available books in library are withal necessitate to kept. The most important part of it is that the library attendant must lay aside record of who borrows and type of book some one borrowed along with the time in baseball club to keep track of the book in library.For the purifyment of library or update of the library book, statistic or read and unread books are needed crystalise kept so as to deal which book to get more into the library, also to make love which author the pupils or lecturer like to read their books and lot more. tout ensemble the above activities are by means of and throug h manually that is it involves mortal writing down the tell apart of the library users and list of books in the library, steady to the extents of numeration the numerate a book is read which bear be in away which also exposes the book to happen of missing.The most disgusting thing is seek through the shelf for books to read which is done by manual library catalogue, this solely drive out discourage student from reading books in library where we have Brobdingnagian number of books. Problem Statement and indigence What move me to embark on this ensure is callable to the following problem that is confront by the Computer Science segment Library. prying through the library shelf for books to read forget be dense and whitethorn not be encouraging. probing through the record book to substantiate a library user may also be boring for the library keeper. retention tracks of borrowed books with the library user that borrowed it may not accurate which can ladder to going of books in the library. Conducting the analysis of books deal read per day, analysis of author peck read his/books per day may be severe and inaccurate which affect the end making of the library managers. Backing up of files or records may be genuinely ticklish because it can lead to repetitious task. accusative of the ResearchThe main objective of this look is to bewilder computer software (library Management Software) for the computing device skill department library which will be capable of managing the student information (library users) and the books in the library. The research is aimed at achieving the following objectives To keep record of register student (library users). To modify the consistency of the information in the library. To modify the way analysis of books are conducted. To improve the security of information in the library. methodology Information gatheringI gathered all the information above information by conducting an hearing for the student (library user) and the library keeper. I chose to use java for developing the interfaces of the software and the database connectivity callable to the following reasons Java is chopine self-reliant schedule speech communication that can unknot on any type of operational system. Java is network programming language that can access over a network. Java is fast in execution. I have chose Microsoft Access Database for the database because of it flexibility and it docile access.Library Management brassCase study Computer Science Departmental Library By MERCY OKEOWO 08710007 FOR THE Award of Ordinary National Diploma In COMPUTER SCIENCE Of MOSHOOD ABIOLA POLYTECHNIC Abstracts Library management system is an aspect or branch of information management system that keeps the records of both the library users, books in the library and the activities that is going on in the library, activities like borrowing books and returning books. Information management in general i s the collection and management of information from one or more source and distribution of the information to one or more audience.This sometimes involves those who a stake in or right to that information. Management means the organization of and control over the structure, processing, and delivery of information. In short information management entails organizing retrieving acquiring and maintaining information. It is closely related to and overlapping with the practice of data management. A good library manager must be able to take of the following activities in the library Keep records of books in the library. Keep records of the library user. Keep track of books borrowed by any library user. Keep record of time a library user borrowed and return books. Do the following analysis after each day for decision making purpose ? Analysis of book borrowed by per day. ?Analysis of the type of book people requested for per day. ? Analysis of the author people read his/her book most pe r day. All the above analysis is needed due to the following reasons. ? To get the type of books people read most in the library to avoid congestion. To get the type of books from a particular author which people read most in the library so as to avoid congestion. INTRODUCTION Background to the study Information for the modern institution is a resource parallel in importance to land, and other factors of production. It is very vital and a prices less resources. For centuries, man has tried to collate, store, process and retrieve information and most importantly analysis of the data before distribute or communicate it by the available fast test mean.It follows, therefore that man has tried various ways and methods to record analyse and disseminate information in his attempts to proffer solution to low security of data, effective data communication, effective data analysis and lot more. Information therefore is data that have been processed into meaningful and usable form, and it cont ains knowledge that reduces uncertainly in particular situation and it is mostly useful in decision making. But unfortunately most people in this country do not have effective means of information management the departmental library is a typical example of such.About The Old System Library is a place where books are kept are kept for student lecturers to come and read or borrow to their various home for reading, for the security of these books record of library user are needed to kept likewise record of available books in library are also needed to kept. The most important part of it is that the library attendant must keep record of who borrows and type of book some one borrowed along with the time in order to keep track of the book in library.For the improvement of library or updating of the library book, statistic or read and unread books are needed top kept so as to know which book to get more into the library, also to know which author the students or lecturer like to read their books and lot more. All the above activities are done manually that is it involves someone writing down the name of the library users and list of books in the library, even to the extents of counting the number a book is read which can be in inaccurate which also exposes the book to risk of missing.The most disgusting thing is searching through the shelf for books to read which is done by manual library catalogue, this alone can discourage student from reading books in library where we have large number of books. Problem Statement and Motivation What motivated me to embark on this project is due to the following problem that is faced by the Computer Science Department Library. Searching through the library shelf for books to read will be boring and may not be encouraging. Searching through the record book to validate a library user may also be boring for the library keeper. Keeping tracks of borrowed books with the library user that borrowed it may not accurate which can lead to loss of books in the library. Conducting the analysis of books people read per day, analysis of author people read his/books per day may be difficult and inaccurate which affect the decision making of the library managers. Backing up of files or records may be very difficult because it can lead to repetitive task. Objective of the ResearchThe main objective of this research is to develop software (library Management Software) for the computer science department library which will be capable of managing the student information (library users) and the books in the library. The research is aimed at achieving the following objectives To keep record of register student (library users). To improve the consistency of the information in the library. To improve the way analysis of books are conducted. To improve the security of information in the library. METHODOLOGY Information gatheringI gathered all the information above information by conducting an interview for the student (librar y user) and the library keeper. I chose to use java for developing the interfaces of the software and the database connectivity due to the following reasons Java is platform independent programming language that can run on any type of operating system. Java is network programming language that can access over a network. Java is fast in execution. I have chose Microsoft Access Database for the database because of it flexibility and it easy access.