Friday, November 15, 2019
Digital Forensic Computers Forensic Forensic Models Information Technology Essay
Digital Forensic Computers Forensic Forensic Models Information Technology Essay Today the increasing number of computer and electronics components has demanded the use of Digital forensic showing that the digital forensics can be implemented in specialized fields of law enforcement, computer security, and national defense. In the information technology period, information stored in the devices are digital as mostly the institution or organization use computer storage media as compare to paper used by writers, scholars, scientists, musicians, and public figures. This gives new challenges to these concern persons related to accessing and preserving information, data recovery and maintaining trust. In this article, review of the currently available investigation processes, methodologies, different tools used by forensics experts and finally a conclusion will be done. Keywords Digital Forensic, Computer Forensic, Forensic Models, Computer Forensic Investigation, Digital Forensic Methods, Forensic Techniques, Forensic Tools Introduction Digital forensics is the branch of forensic involving the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices due to incident of computer crime occurrence. Digital forensic is a synonym for the computer forensic in early start but today it includes other area of investigation like computer, database, and network, mobile which are capable of storing digital data. Due to much advancement in various types of technology devices, media, digital forensics has defined the sub branches according to the investigation required. One of the digital forensics branches are Computer forensics, Mobile device forensics, Network forensics, Forensic data analysis and Database forensics. Computer forensics involves the examination of the digital media stored in the computers for investigation purpose, mobile forensic is recovery of digital evidence from a mobile device, network forensic is the getting evidence related to network traffic, information gathering or evidence collection of intrusion detection, forensic data analysis is investigate the pattern of fraudulent action using structure data while the final one is database forensic is the study of databases and their metadata including the its contents, log files and in-RAM data investigation. When the computer forensic is in consideration usually three different sets of people from Law Enforcement agencies, Military, Business Industry are involved with the intention of tracking down attackers/hackers and criminals who attack the security of systems and use computers for unauthorized activities. Computer Forensic address the issues of National and Information Security, Corporate Espionage, White Collar Crime, Child Pornography, Traditional Crime, Incident Response, Employee Monitoring, Privacy Issues. In the following this paper start with investigation phases, methods and techniques and tools how this information helps the novice in the computer, network, mobile and database forensic. Forensic Methodologies à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Phases of Computer Forensic Before discussing the forensic methodologies one should be familiar with the few terms of forensic terms. One of them is forensic evidence. A brief overview of evidence, categorization, rules, standard guide, and its basic principles in order to ensure the chain of custody will be outlined. Evidence is any item or information gathered at the scene of a crime, or at related locations, which is found to be relevant to an investigation. There are many different types of evidence, from DNA and tire marks, to bloodstains and fingerprints Evidence should be Admissible, Authentic, Complete, Reliable and Believable. Evidence chain of custody protects its integrity. It can be categorized as primary (best type evidence using documentation), secondary (Oral or eye witness), direct, conclusive, circumstantial, corroborative and opinion evidence. There are guides available for Computer Based Evidence e.g. By Association of Chief Police Officers. During evidence collection following principle should be strictly followed by investigator There should be no change of data on a computer or other media taken Person should be competent while accessing original data held on a target computer Audit trail or other record of all processes applied to computer-based evidence should be created and preserved. He will ensure the law and principles of possession and access to information contained in a computer. So many forensic investigation processes have been developed till now. The objective in this paper is to make the forensic investigation process or model with common phases of forensic to perform the intended investigation as compared to others model. Few models that exist are mentioned below. Computer Forensic Investigative Process (1984) Abstract Digital Forensics Model (ADFM) (2002) Enhanced Digital Investigation Process Model (EDIP) (2004) Computer Forensics Field Triage Process Model (CFFTPM) (2006) Scientific Crime Scene Investigation Model (2001) Common Process Model for Incident and Computer Forensics (2007) Network Forensic Generic Process Model (2010) Here is the generic investigation process namely the Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model (GCFIM) proposed in this article that share the common phases with previously developed models. Figure below, demonstrate the proposed GCFIM. Model (GCFIM).JPG Pre Process is the first phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. In this phase the tasks are linked to other tasks that required to be completed before the investigating and collecting the official data. These tasks are having the required approval from concern authority, preparing and setting up of the tools to be utilized, etc. Acquisition and Preservation is the second phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. In this phase tasks performed related to the acquiring and collecting evidence in acceptable manner in which concern data is together base on the accepted methods utilizing a variety of recovery techniques, then the task is identifying the digital components from the acquired evidence, and finally in this phase the tasks are transporting, storing and preserving of data such as creating a good quality case management and ensuring an acceptable chain of custody. Overall, this phase is where all concern data are captured, stored and presented for the next phase. Analysis is the third phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. This is the core and the heart of the forensic investigation process. It has the largest part of phases including the tasks such as evidence tracing and validation, recovery of hidden or encrypted data, data mining, and timeline etc. Different types of analysis are performed on the acquired data using the appropriate tools and techniques to recognize the source of crime and eventually discovering the person accountable of the crime. Presentation is the fourth phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. The finding from analysis phase are documented and presented to the authority with expert testimony. The documentation presented also includes the adequate and acceptable evidence in order to understand by the concern party easily. The final outcome from this phase is either to prove or disprove the alleged criminal acts. Post-Process is the last phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. This phase concerns only the appropriate finishing of the investigation work. Digital and physical evidence should be appropriately handed over to the authorize owner and kept in secure place, if required. Finally but not the last, if there is a need to review the investigative process in each phase it should be done for the perfection of the future investigations. Challenges during Forensic Investigation There are some technical, legal, resource as well as general and specific challenges during the investigators face. Technical challenges are faced in finding the criminals over the internet; legal challenges are the result of not competitive with the currently technology, social environment and structure while the challenges in resources that the support should be available in all levels. The challenges that are faced during computer forensic in general and specific are the tools or techniques limitation from the private sector, no standard definition and agreements of computer crime, no proper background availability to perform testing, huge number of Operating System platforms and file formats due to which unavailability of experts with true titles. Other than these challenges during investigation it may take large space of memory from Gigabytes to Terabytes or even may require the storage area network. For computer forensic expert it is also challenging to have the expertise in RA ID level, embedded system along with Network and Grid computing. Forensic Tools Now in the following few of the forensic tools in the domain of computer, network, mobile, database and some others are briefly described. Reason for Using Computer Forensics Tools There are multiple reasons for choosing the computer forensics tools like systems utilized by the defendants and litigants, to recover the lost data in case of hardware or software malfunction, to investigate about the computer usage in case of employee termination or when the system is attacked by an intruder. To investigate computer crimes different computer forensic tools like disk imaging software for the file structure and hard disk content can be used, for comparing the data between original and copy Hashing tools can be used which assigns unique number for violation verification and for recovery the lost data or deleted data recovery programs can be used. Similarly software and hardware write tools can be used to reconstruct the hard drive bit by bit as these tools generate the copy of hard disk. Encase is well know commercial tool that can perform various tasks like disk imaging and verification and analysis of data while PC Inspector File Recovery is a free tool helps in revealing and recovering the contents stored in any type of storage media that is connected with the computer even if the content is deleted. Network forensics Network forensics deals with the capture, recording or analysis of network events in order to discover evidential information about the source of security attacks in a court of law. There is a tool known as eMailTrackerPro that can track down the sender message by detecting the IP address in the header. If there is a need to view all information like IP address, country information or domain information SmartWhoIs can be used as free available network utility. To perform the web forensic famously known tool Mandiant Web Historian can help forensic examiner to verify how the intruders looked into the different sites by reviewing the history files of web site. Other tool Index.dat can be used to view the browsing history, the cookies and the cache as it gives the critical information about a cookie like its key-value pair, the website address associated with the cookie, the date/time the cookie was first created and last accessed and etc. Ethereal is network packet analyzer, WinPcap is the packet capture tool used to capture the packets and AirPcap is the packet capture tool for the IEEE 802.11b/g Wireless LAN interfaces. Mobile Forensics Mobile forensics as the name implies is to investigate data from mobile device for evidence purpose regardless of the mobile system of GSM / GPRS / WIFI technology. Investigator concentrate on either call data or SMS/Email data with the help of different commercial, non commercial, open source, command line or physical mobile forensic tools. The forensics process for mobile devices differ in these three main categories: seizure, acquisition, and examination/analysis while other aspects of the computer forensic process still apply. Some Commercial Forensic Tools include AccessDatas MPE+, FINALMobile Forensics by FINALDATA, Oxygen Forensic Suite, while Open source tools include iPhone Analyzer, the Mobile Internal Acquisition Tool, and TULP2G plug-ins. Performing mobile forensic using command line System commands, AT modem commands and Unix command dd can be used. Database Forensic Tools used for database forensic are ACL, Idea and Arbutus as it is the forensic study of databases and their metadata. These tools record action in the documented form about the forensic expert on the database as he uses database contents, log files and in-RAM data. Still there is need to do research in this field to perform database forensic that demands skill experts. Conclusion The information provided in this article helps the reader with basic understanding of digital forensic and its branches with the aim to do further research in specific area of this field. Different Forensic methodologies are outlined in order to give the choice to forensic expert to choose this methodology or design his own process model. Further the different tools especially the open source one can enhance the forensic expert skills. Today the technology is advancing very rapidly and developing skills in multiple areas enhances the professional career and money value of the individual.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Ernie Pyle Essay example -- essays research papers fc
Ernie Pyle ;When a machine-gun bullet ended the life of Ernie Pyle in the final days of World War II, Americans spoke of him in the same breath as they had Franklin Roosevelt. To millions, the loss of him was as great as the loss of the wartime president. Since WWII correspondent Ernie Pyle was so famous, his death on the battlefront came as a shock to people around the world.      Ernest Taylor Pyle was born August 3, 1900 to Will and Marie Pyle. He was born an only child on the Same Elder farm just southwest of Dana, Indiana. His father, Will Pyle, was a tenant farmer because he couldn’t make a steady living from being a carpenter, which is what he really liked to do. Pyle described his father, â€Å"He never said a great deal to me all his life, and yet I feel we have been very good friends, he never gave me much advice or told me to do this or that, or not to.†Marie Pyle filled the role of family leader. She enjoyed tasks at hand: raising chickens and produce, caring for her family and serving the neighbors. Pyle describes her, â€Å"She thrived on action, she would rather milk than sew; rather plow than bake†(Tobin 6).      Through school Pyle loved to write. During high school he was reporter, then editor, then editor in chief for his high school newspaper. When he graduated high school, he too was caught up in the â€Å"patriotic fever†of the nation upon America’s entry into WWI (Whitman 2). He enlisted in the Naval Reserve but before he could finish his training an armistice was declared in Europe. After that he attended the University of Indiana to study journalism, but left before he graduated.      Ernie Pyle persued his love for writing, and became a cub reporter for â€Å"LaPorte Herald.†For months later he was offered a $2.50-per-week raise to work for the â€Å"Washington Daily News.†He wrote the countries first daily aviation column for four years before becoming the papers managing editor. Pyle was a reporter, copy editor, and aviation editor until 1932, when he accepted a job for the â€Å"Scripps-Howard†newspaper chain. Pyle loved to travel and persuaded Scripps-Howard executives to allow him to be a roving reporter. Ernie Pyle was very excited to be a roving reporter:      It’s better than a million dollars. It’s a new ... ...ncarta Encyclopedia 2000.                CD-ROM. 2000 ed. 2.     â€Å"Ernie Pyle State Historic Site.†Indiana State Museum           and Historic Sites. 2 March 2000                               3. Tobin, James. Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Eyewitness To           World War II. New York: The Free Press, 1997. 4. Whitman, Mark. â€Å"Ernie Pyle.†Access Indiana Teaching and           Learning Center. 1997. 5 March 2000                          5     Wilson, Ellen. Ernie Pyle: Boy From Back Home.                     Indianapolis Ernie Pyle Essay example -- essays research papers fc Ernie Pyle ;When a machine-gun bullet ended the life of Ernie Pyle in the final days of World War II, Americans spoke of him in the same breath as they had Franklin Roosevelt. To millions, the loss of him was as great as the loss of the wartime president. Since WWII correspondent Ernie Pyle was so famous, his death on the battlefront came as a shock to people around the world.      Ernest Taylor Pyle was born August 3, 1900 to Will and Marie Pyle. He was born an only child on the Same Elder farm just southwest of Dana, Indiana. His father, Will Pyle, was a tenant farmer because he couldn’t make a steady living from being a carpenter, which is what he really liked to do. Pyle described his father, â€Å"He never said a great deal to me all his life, and yet I feel we have been very good friends, he never gave me much advice or told me to do this or that, or not to.†Marie Pyle filled the role of family leader. She enjoyed tasks at hand: raising chickens and produce, caring for her family and serving the neighbors. Pyle describes her, â€Å"She thrived on action, she would rather milk than sew; rather plow than bake†(Tobin 6).      Through school Pyle loved to write. During high school he was reporter, then editor, then editor in chief for his high school newspaper. When he graduated high school, he too was caught up in the â€Å"patriotic fever†of the nation upon America’s entry into WWI (Whitman 2). He enlisted in the Naval Reserve but before he could finish his training an armistice was declared in Europe. After that he attended the University of Indiana to study journalism, but left before he graduated.      Ernie Pyle persued his love for writing, and became a cub reporter for â€Å"LaPorte Herald.†For months later he was offered a $2.50-per-week raise to work for the â€Å"Washington Daily News.†He wrote the countries first daily aviation column for four years before becoming the papers managing editor. Pyle was a reporter, copy editor, and aviation editor until 1932, when he accepted a job for the â€Å"Scripps-Howard†newspaper chain. Pyle loved to travel and persuaded Scripps-Howard executives to allow him to be a roving reporter. Ernie Pyle was very excited to be a roving reporter:      It’s better than a million dollars. It’s a new ... ...ncarta Encyclopedia 2000.                CD-ROM. 2000 ed. 2.     â€Å"Ernie Pyle State Historic Site.†Indiana State Museum           and Historic Sites. 2 March 2000                               3. Tobin, James. Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Eyewitness To           World War II. New York: The Free Press, 1997. 4. Whitman, Mark. â€Å"Ernie Pyle.†Access Indiana Teaching and           Learning Center. 1997. 5 March 2000                          5     Wilson, Ellen. Ernie Pyle: Boy From Back Home.                     Indianapolis
Sunday, November 10, 2019
A Comparison of Two Short Stories Essay
Once†and analyze the ways in which each conveys the symbols of â€Å"The Journey†. A Journey Is defined as a â€Å"passage or progress from one stage to another: the journey to success†(Dictionary. om online dictionary, n. d. ). These two stories allows you to place yourself in the characters shoes to see and feel the story that is being old through the character eyes as you watch It unfold. The Journey that Is being told by Jean Rhys Is definitely one that can be related to by anyone that has made a visit to their childhood home minus the death. It is also easy to relate to Frost’s character because I have been at several crossroads in my life and have often chosen the road less taken, which has yielded great and not so great outcomes. These writings are obviously taking place outside on a road, indicating that a Journey Is In the works. Although both stories use imagery and symbolism, they are extremely different in heir message. Rhys’ story uses imagery to help detail the spiritual Journey ofa woman whose reality comes to a very climactic ending when she realizes that she is no longer alive. Frost’s story regales us with his version of Imagery In which his character learns that It’s not always important which road you take; as long as you choose one, you will experience the life that come with it. The character is trying to let us know that it is very easy to make a life-changing decision based on an outer something that was not known to the characters before the Journey began. As each f these stories develops, the characters do not portray the same mindset towards their paths. In both poetry and short stories, a theme is intended and conveyed through the author’s works. Literary elements such as rhythm, rhyme, and tone differentiate poems from short stories and dramatic works. However, there are some similarities between short stories and poetry which include fgures of speech, settings, foreshadowing and conflict. These allow the reader to connect to the author and their works. Settings are important because it depicts â€Å"the time or place in which fictional events occur. It puts boundaries around the action and defines the environment in which conflicts can be witnessed and character development observed. Setting may also have a social dimension in which particular local customs, dress, or speech provide a framework for understanding the characters and their interactions†(Clugston, 2010). The one major similarity between these two works is the absence ofa plot. Our text defines a plot as â€Å"a dynamic element in fiction, a sequence of interrelated, conflicting actions and events that typically build toa climax and bring about a resolution†(Clugston, 2010). Poems are written utilizing verses or stanzas which cause the reader to experience an emotion. Short stories on the other hand are fictional writings that details cause and effect and it is shorter than a novel. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†has four stanzas of five lines in which a rhyme scheme is taking place, syllables are being emphasized or stressed and it utilizes iambic tetrameter instead of pentameter. Tetrameter is define as â€Å"a line consisting of four dipodies in trochaic, iambic, or anapestic meter; a verse of four feet†(Dictionary. com online dictionary, n. d. ). There is absolutely no climax in â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, as the characters only decision is which road to take. Steppe states, â€Å"In the poem there is a man who has come toa crossroad in his life. One path is traveled on frequently while the other path is not. He has to make a decision as to what path he should take. No matter what, he knows that he cannot turn back once he has made the choice, but it is implied†(â€Å"Symbolism†, 2011). He chose the road that was traveled the least and it was the perfect decision for him. According to Clugston, a symbol is â€Å"a word picture that presents an object, person, r action that conveys two meanings: Its own literal meaning and something it stands for as well†(Clugston, 2010, Ch. 2. 3, Para. 10). In I Used To Live Here Once (1976) Jean Rhys details a woman’s return to a place she called home in which the story is being told through her eyes as she gives vivid details of subtle and not so subtle changes of her surroundings in which you can visualize the sentiment she has for the place. The point of view for this short story is limited third person omniscient, and according to Clugston (2010), it is defined as â€Å"a point of view when the thoughts and eelings of only one of the characters are related to the narrator†(Ch. 5. 2, Para. 3). If the author had used a different point of view and had not provided the reader with the very intimate and thoughts of the character, the symbolism would have been lost or too abundant, that some key points to the story would have been missed. The point of view in The Road Not Taken is first-person-point-of-view, which â€Å"occurs when the narrator describes his or her personal action and thoughts as a participant in the Rhys’ story begins with her character standing by a river looking at the stepping tones and remembering the details about each of them (Clugston, 2010). Each stones description could represent a time in her life in which she was faced with easy and difficult situations in which choices were made, whether good or bad. â€Å"The next one wasn’t so safe for when the river was full the water flowed over it and even when it showed dry it was slippery’ (Clugston, 2010).
Friday, November 8, 2019
Free Essays on Something New Paper
Something New Paper I wasn’t too sure what I was going to do for my something new project and I kind of hate what I decided to do. For my something new paper I decided to go to a clinic and get tested for A.I.D.S. I wasn’t sure what I was in for, and had no clue what to expect. I decided to bring one of my friends with me, because I was scared and didn’t want to go alone. I wasn’t scared of letting them take the blood, I was scared of the wait. During the wait I wasn’t myself, it was as if I wasn’t there. All I could think about is what the results would be. I kept thinking about the treatment I would have to go through for the rest. How nothing would be the same. People looking at me differently. I think one of the scariest moments in my life is taking thing test and waiting. Even though I knew I practiced safe sex before, it made me think. Think a lot harder about the choices that others and myself make. You never know what someone else has done because they could be lying to you. Someone could not even know if they have a disease, and just give it to people. Which is why it is very important to go and get tested if you have had unprotected sex. To sit and wait around to find out if you have a deadly disease that could possibly kill you. Change everything in your life. Is beyond scary. It makes you think harder about being careful and not have unprotected sex. Not just A.I.D.S., there are many other diseases that people can get. This new experience that I have gone through was rough. I didn’t like that I had to wait around for the results and worry, when there is nothing that I should worry about. Going through this new experience had made me concentrate on having nothing but safe sex, if I decided to even have sex. If I do decided to have sex I will also make sure to bring it up in conversation, and maybe suggest to the other sex to go get tested just to be safe.... Free Essays on Something New Paper Free Essays on Something New Paper Something New Paper I wasn’t too sure what I was going to do for my something new project and I kind of hate what I decided to do. For my something new paper I decided to go to a clinic and get tested for A.I.D.S. I wasn’t sure what I was in for, and had no clue what to expect. I decided to bring one of my friends with me, because I was scared and didn’t want to go alone. I wasn’t scared of letting them take the blood, I was scared of the wait. During the wait I wasn’t myself, it was as if I wasn’t there. All I could think about is what the results would be. I kept thinking about the treatment I would have to go through for the rest. How nothing would be the same. People looking at me differently. I think one of the scariest moments in my life is taking thing test and waiting. Even though I knew I practiced safe sex before, it made me think. Think a lot harder about the choices that others and myself make. You never know what someone else has done because they could be lying to you. Someone could not even know if they have a disease, and just give it to people. Which is why it is very important to go and get tested if you have had unprotected sex. To sit and wait around to find out if you have a deadly disease that could possibly kill you. Change everything in your life. Is beyond scary. It makes you think harder about being careful and not have unprotected sex. Not just A.I.D.S., there are many other diseases that people can get. This new experience that I have gone through was rough. I didn’t like that I had to wait around for the results and worry, when there is nothing that I should worry about. Going through this new experience had made me concentrate on having nothing but safe sex, if I decided to even have sex. If I do decided to have sex I will also make sure to bring it up in conversation, and maybe suggest to the other sex to go get tested just to be safe....
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Free Essays on Good Gone Bad
9/11 and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay written by: babyboo L’Etat C’est Moi : Absolutism in the Age of Reason By analyzing the Taliban regime and their motives, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas, and by comparing the two, it will be made evident that Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas of government rule over people’s lives is true in this specific case. On September 11, 2001 the heart of the United States of America was ripped out in a matter of 10 minutes by Islamic extremists who follow the Taliban Regime. The first attack was at 8:45 am when two planes were hijacked and crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City. Thousands lost their lives that day. This was the day that started â€Å"America’s War on Terrorism.†The Taliban Regime believes that Islam is the right and only way to live. The government inflicts Islam teachings on their citizens. It is law that all women must wear the hajib when out in public, if not they will be punished. All men must enroll in the army, unless he is the only son with no one else to carry on the family name. Children are taught to die for their religion. When an Islam nation declares a Jihad (a religious war) it is solved by death of a nation. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in Switzerland in 1712. He was a Philosopher who believed that all people are good and it is bad government that turns them to do evil. He believed that the government brainwashes it’s citizens to believe in their way. And if any one of it’s citizens refuses to obey the general’s will may be forced by his fellows to do so. Thus saying that it may be necessary to force a man to be free. For example if the law demanded that every man must enroll with the army by the age of 18, and one of it’s citizens did not agree with this law and tried to get out of it, that man would be forced to enroll. He would be forced to fight for his country, and his freedom. Even if he didn’t bel... Free Essays on Good Gone Bad Free Essays on Good Gone Bad 9/11 and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay written by: babyboo L’Etat C’est Moi : Absolutism in the Age of Reason By analyzing the Taliban regime and their motives, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas, and by comparing the two, it will be made evident that Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas of government rule over people’s lives is true in this specific case. On September 11, 2001 the heart of the United States of America was ripped out in a matter of 10 minutes by Islamic extremists who follow the Taliban Regime. The first attack was at 8:45 am when two planes were hijacked and crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City. Thousands lost their lives that day. This was the day that started â€Å"America’s War on Terrorism.†The Taliban Regime believes that Islam is the right and only way to live. The government inflicts Islam teachings on their citizens. It is law that all women must wear the hajib when out in public, if not they will be punished. All men must enroll in the army, unless he is the only son with no one else to carry on the family name. Children are taught to die for their religion. When an Islam nation declares a Jihad (a religious war) it is solved by death of a nation. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in Switzerland in 1712. He was a Philosopher who believed that all people are good and it is bad government that turns them to do evil. He believed that the government brainwashes it’s citizens to believe in their way. And if any one of it’s citizens refuses to obey the general’s will may be forced by his fellows to do so. Thus saying that it may be necessary to force a man to be free. For example if the law demanded that every man must enroll with the army by the age of 18, and one of it’s citizens did not agree with this law and tried to get out of it, that man would be forced to enroll. He would be forced to fight for his country, and his freedom. Even if he didn’t bel...
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2
Project Management - Essay Example Although all the three methods aim at managing organizations’ projects efficiently, a closer look reveals a number of differences in the structural organization of functional projects and matrix projects. A functional organization structure involves a hierarchy where a single superior manages one employee, whereas the matrix organization structure may not necessarily have a hierarchy (Boyer & Verma, 2010). While the matrix project recognizes and values the authority of the project manager, the case is different with functional projects where there are multiple projects managers with each reporting to a higher authority, therefore, making the project cycle more complex. In the functional organization structures, communication tends to be lengthy as information requests have to pass through the hierarchy as opposed to the matrix organization structures where communication goes directly to the project manager. Lastly, but more importantly, the matrix project is divided into weak, medium, and strong depending on the authority of the project manager, while the functional organization structures do not have any subdivisions (Yagiz, 2006). Although the matrix project structure is more preferable, it has certain disadvantages despite its numerous advantages. The main advantages of the matrix project structure include the ability to retain the benefits of the functional organization and project team structures, a better coordination of resources for the efficiency in the resource use, and the ability of staff to retain their membership teams. However, the matrix project structure suffers certain disadvantages such as the presence of internal complexities, sometimes conflicts arise between the functional and project groups. Additionally, the matrix project structure has high maintenance costs due to increased managerial and administrative overheads (Yagiz, 2006). â€Å"You don’t inspect quality into a product; you have to build it in.†This statement has significant implications especially as far as project management is concerned. Quality is very important at all the levels of project management as all the project managers undertake various projects in order to come up with tangible and quality results. If a project turns out to be successful in terms of results and quality, both the project managers and their team will feel motivated to continue perfecting their work. Under normal circumstances, the inspection of quality comes after the project is complete so that the audit team can write a comprehensive audit report (Aubry et al., 2012). However, it is the duty of the project managers and all the staff involved in such projects to ensure that they perform quality work in order to have a project whose quality is impeccable. This means that whatever product that has to have quality must first undergo quality processes that from the onset include quality manufacturing and control (Aubry et al., 2012). The inspection merely come s after quality work has been done, and, therefore, the process of building of quality into a particular product determines the results of the inspection. This insight informs project managers to be diligent and meticulous as they coordinate project stages with their team members in order to produce quality products within their organizations. Although quality inspections for products are essential in quality control, it should not form the basis of determining the credibility and authenticity of the means used, but rather a confirmation of the due
Friday, November 1, 2019
History of a food item Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
History of a food item - Essay Example The name for the new beverage was proposed by John Pemberton's book keeper Frank Robinson. The pharmacist business met difficulties immediately: the same year was signed by a prohibition law that persuaded the chemist and unsuccessful businessman Pemberton to change his 'brand's' name and alter the formula for his commonly-used nerve tonic and headache remedy, 'Pemberton's French Wine Coca', offered by a number of drug stores. Thus, when the 'revived' coca-cola re-appeared in druggists', it possessed "the valuable tonic and nerve stimulant properties of the coca plant and cola nuts, yet sweetened with sugar instead of wine--Pemberton advertised it not only as a delicious, exhilarating, refreshing and invigorating" soda-fountain beverage but also as the ideal temperance drink" (Levenstein, 1993, p.152). Although the inventive pharmacist died just two years later, in March 1888 (Anderson, 1958), by that time he had created a corporation of the first coca-cola brand, concocted by his partners. On January, 1893, the formula was patented in order to protect intellectual property of the founders. And the coca-cola soft drink, whole unit sales totaled only 3,200 servings per day (ibid), is nowadays called the world's most widespread beverage, acknowledged and consumed in 195 countries. It is interesting to note that until the beginning of 1960s, countryside and big city inhabitants took their favorite beverages from the local soda fountains or ice cream saloons. These places served as meeting places for youngsters as well as seniors; but the rapid development of fast-food area and the area of bottled beverages was followed by the decline of popularity of soda fountain counters. Nevertheless, the status of coca-cola even benefited from this development, since small restaurants were so cozy and convenient that their customers took several servings of coca-cola for one person in order to stay there for a longer time. April 1985 was signed by a sensation: the 'New Coke' formula was released. This was called 'the trade secret release'. A trade secret is defined as information allowing an individual to make money, "because it is not generally known. A trade secret could be a formula, computer program, process, method, device, technique, pricing information, customer lists or other non-public information. If the economic value of a piece of information relies on it being kept private, it could be a trade secret" (Pendergast, 1993, p.208). As for coca-cola, its trade secret was a real miracle, and marketing and advertising techniques were concentrated (especially during the Great Depression, up to the 1970s) on the atmosphere of 'mystery' that covered the invention and the process of creation of the beverage (Belasco, 1988). This marketing campaign is ongoing, even though it has new shape nowadays. The research of the 1980s suggested that coca-cola is not exactly safe for human health, so the formula has been changed several times from 1987 up to these days. Being unable to create a 'healthy' image of the beverage, the marketers are now putting stress upon it's style and fashion, as the trade mark collaborates with several areas of sport and fashion industries. In addition, in order to meet the requirements of American youngsters, the company launched the production of 'Coca-Cola Vanilla', 'Coca-Cola Cherry' and 'Coca-Cola Light' (for those who follow low-caloric diets). The 1996 Summer
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